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`pV$Z cp„Nu_¡ hõey„'sy„ Adv$phpv$
`pV$Z_u âcysp : c|sL$pmdp„ A¡L$ _S>f
X$p¡. _fp¡Ñd hpm„v$
`pV$Z_p cìe c|sL$pm_u fkâv$ hpsp¡ ApNm hp„Qp¡ :
`pV$Z_p fpÅAp¡ ^d®krlóÏ lsp. s¡Ap¡ i¥h^d} lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡d_p d„Óuïhfp¡, dy¿e krQhp¡ A_¡ L¡$V$gpL$ âÅS>_p¡ S>¥_^d} lsp. h_fpS>, d|mfpS>, vy$g®cfpS>, L$Z®v¡$h, rkÙfpS>, Ly$dpf`pm-A¡ kh® fpÅAp¡A¡ rS>_pgep¡ b„^pìep_p Dëg¡Mp¡ R>¡. ApQpe® l¡dQ„Ö¡ "Üepîe'dp„ `pV$Z_p„ S>¥_ d„qv$fp¡_u _p¢^ gu^u R>¡. âpQu_ âb„^p¡, dlpL$pìep¡ A_¡ fpkdp„ `ròd cpfs_p kp„õL©$rsL$ L¡$ÞÖ sfuL¡$ `pV$Z_u Np¥fhNp\p Apg¡Mpe¡gu R>¡.
rhdg ipl, hõsy`pg A_¡ s¡S>`pg S>¡hp ^d®`fpeZ fpS>`yfyjp¡A¡ A_¡L$ d„qv$fp¡ b„^pìep„ lsp„. `pV$Z d„qv$fp¡_y„ su\®^pd lsy„. L$rgL$pg kh®o l¡dQ„ÖpQpe®, Acev¡$hk|qf, dgerNqf, eiQ„Ö, kp¡dâcpQpe®, âopQny fpS>L$rh îu`pg, s¡d_p¡ `yÓ rkÙ`pg A_¡ `p¥Ó rhS>e`pg, hpÁcV$, kycV$, kp¡d¡ðf, lqflf A¡ kh® rhÜp_p¡_p¡ `pV$Zdp„ r_hpk lsp¡. `pV$Z A¡L$ k„õL$pfL¡$ÞÖ A_¡ rhÛpL¡$ÞÖ lsy„.
klötgN kfp¡hf_p qL$_pf¡ Aph¡gp„ rhÛp`uW$p¡dp„ rhrh^ rhÛp A_¡ ip÷p¡_p¡ Aæepk \sp¡ lsp¡. rhÛp, L$mp, lzÞ_f, hprZÄe, dyÐkØuNufu A¡ kh® n¡Ó¡ `pV$Z ârsr›$s lsy„. l¡dQ„ÖpQpe£ "Üepîe' L$pìedp„ AZrlg`yf_p _pNqfL$p¡_y„ hZ®_ L$fsp„ L$üy„ R>¡ : ""s¡_p _NfS>_p¡ ip¥e®, ip÷, id, kdpr^, kÐe, jX¹$v$i®_ A_¡ jX„$Ndp„ kp¥\u ApNm lsp.'' (k. 1, ïgp¡-65) L$_¥epgpg dy_iu, ^|dL¡$sy A_¡ dp¡l_gpg `V¡$g S>¡hp kprlÐekS>®L$p¡A¡ `p¡sp_u _hgL$\pAp¡dp„ `pV$Z_u A[õdsp A_¡ kd©qÙ_y„ hZ®_ L$ey¯ R>¡.
_NffQ_p_p 20 âL$pfp¡ NZphpep R>¡. s¡dp„_p¡ A¡L$ s¡ kh®sp¡cÖ R>¡. s¡dp„ Qpf¡ qv$ipAp¡_p dÝe cpN¡\u _uL$msp Qpf dpNp£ a¡gpC_¡ õh[õsL$_p¡ ApL$pf ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡. `pV$Z kh®sp¡cÖ âL$pf_y„ _Nf R>¡. l¡dQ„ÖpQpe£ "Üepîe'dp„, kp¡dâck|qfA¡ "Ly$dpf`pg ârsbp¡^'dp„, kp¡d¡ðf `yfp¡rls¡ "L$urs®L$p¥dyv$u'dp„ A_¡ bpgQ„Ök|qfA¡ "hk„s rhgpk' dlpL$pìedp„ `pV$Z_u îu A_¡ ip¡cp hZ®hu R>¡ :
""c|rd_p õh[õsL$ S>¡hy„, ^dp®Npf, _eõ\p_ A_¡ îu\u kv$p Ap[ïgô$ A¡hy„ `yf _pd¡ AZrlg `pV$L$'' ("Üepîe)
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""îu_y„ î¡e^pd A¡hy„ A_¡ lp\uAp¡_p dv$L$g¡v$\u ip¡csp Np¡`yfhpmy„ `yf, _pd¡ AZrlg`yf!'' ("L$urs®L$p¥dyv$u')
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`pV$Z_¡ `pv$f¡ hl¡su kfõhsu _v$u_¡ l¡dQ„ÖpQpe£ "Nìep' (Npep¡_¡ A_yL|$m) A_¡ "_ìep' (_ph_¡ ep¡Áe) L$lu R>¡. A¡_p¡ A\® A¡ L¡$ kfõhsudp„ A¡V$gy„ cf`|f `pZu fl¡sy„ li¡ L¡$ S>¡\u _p¥L$prhlpf `Z \sp¡ li¡.
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hpO¡gp h„i_p R>¡ëgp fpÅ L$Z®v¡$h (buÅ)_p (fpÄeL$pm C. 1297-1304) kdedp„ `pV$Z qv$ëlu_p kygsp_ AgpDØu_ rMgÆ_p lzdgp_p¡ cp¡N bÞey„. k¡_p`rs AgaMp_¡ L$Z®_¡ lfpìep¡ A_¡ `pV$Z L$bS>¡ gu^y„. AgpDØu__p gíL$f¡ `pV$Z_p¡ Ýh„k L$ep£. fyÖdlpge_p dS>gp A_¡ k|e®d„qv$f_p¡ O|dV$ sp¡`_p Np¡mp\u DX$phu v$u^p. `pV$Z_u ip¡cpê$` dlpgep¡, d„qv$fp¡, âpkpv$p¡ A_¡ rhlpfp¡_p¡ _pi \ep¡. h_fpS>\u dp„X$u_¡ Ly$dpf`pm ky^u_p fpS>huAp¡_u L$urs®Np\p Npsp„ õ\p`Ðep¡ _ô$ \ep„. A¡ b^p„dp„\u A¡L¡$e_p¡ `Ñp¡ _\u. ÅZ¡ L¡$ L$pmkpNfdp„ X|$bu_¡ NfL$ \C Nep„! L$rh `Ú_pcL©$s "L$pÞlX$v¡$ âb„^'dp„ v$ip®ìep âdpZ¡ L$Z®v¡$h (buÅ)_u lpf `R>u NyS>fpsdp„ qv$ëlu_p kygsp_p¡_y„ ipk_ õ\`pey„. A¡ hMs¡ `pV$Z qv$ëlu\u r_dpe¡g k|bpAp¡_p hX$p d\L$ sfuL¡$ Qpgy füy„.
1411dp„ Aldv$ipl¡ Adv$phpv$ hkpìey„. A¡ hMs¡ `pV$Z_u fQ_p_y„ A_yL$fZ \ey„. `pV$Z_p ÓZ v$fhpÅ A_¡ cÖ_p¡ qL$ëgp¡ lsp¡, s¡d Adv$phpv$dp„ `Z ÓZ v$fhpÅ A_¡ cÖ_p¡ qL$ëgp¡ bÞep. `pV$Z_p Mp_ kfp¡hf S>¡hy„ L$p„L$qfep smph `pR>m\u bÞey„.
"rdfps¡ Aldv$u'_p¡ L$sp® gM¡ R>¡ L¡$ Aldv$ipl Üpfp Adv$phpv$_u Bdpfsp¡ bp„^hp dpV¡$ `pV$Z_p„ M„X¡$fp¡dp„\u NpX$p„dp„ cfu_¡ `Õ\fp¡ Adv$phpv$ gC S>hpdp„ Aphsp lsp. S>¡d îudpg cp„Nu_¡ `pV$Z hõey„, s¡d `pV$Z cp„Nu_¡ Adv$phpv$ hõey„. îudpg_u hkrs `pV$Zdp„ A_¡ `pV$Z_u hkrs Adv$phpv$dp„ hku. `pV$Z A_¡ Adv$phpv$_p„ L¡$V$gp„e Ly$gu_ Ly$Vy„$bp¡_p d|m `yfyj îudpg_p lp¡hp_y„ S>Zpey„ R>¡. îudpmuAp¡ A_¡ `p¡fhpX$p¡ îudpg\u Aph¡gp R>¡.
Adv$phpv$ NyS>fps_y„ `pV$_Nf b_sp„ kfL$pfu L$Q¡fuAp¡ Ðep„ Mk¡X$pC. A¡V$g¡ `pV$Z kph r_S>®_ A_¡ r_õs¡S> b_u Ney„. `pV$Z cp„Áey„ A_¡ Adv$phpv$ Apbpv$ \ey„. gNcN AX$^p k¥L$p gNu kyjyàs fl¡gy„ Ap il¡f L$fhV$ bv$gu_¡ dX$v$pg v$ipdp„ b¡Wy„$ \ey„. A¡_¡ `|h®hs¹ L$fhp_p âepkp¡ Apf„cpep. S|>_p `pV$Z_u `pk¡ _hy„ `pV$Z hõey„. _hp dlp¡ëgp_p„ _hp„ _pd `X$ép„. s¡ "hpX$p' A_¡ "`pX$p' (k„õL©$s hpV$L$ A_¡ `pV$L$) _pd\u Ap¡mMpep.
_hp `pV$Z_u õ\p`_p 15du kv$u_p DÑfp^® Apk`pk \C lp¡hp_y„ d_pe R>¡. A¡ hMs¡ S|>_y„ A_¡ _hy„ b„_¡ `pV$Z A¡L$kp\¡ leps lsp„. kfL$pfu L$Q¡fuAp¡ A_¡ fpÄeipkL$p¡_p r_hpk AZrlg`yfdp„ lsp A_¡ _pNqfL$p¡_p _hp r_hpk _hp `pV$Zdp„ r_dp®ep. NyS>fps_p k|bp TL$fMp_¡ qL$ëg¡b„^ _hy„ `pV$Z rhL$kpìey„. A¡ L$p¡V$ gNcN kpX$p ÓZ dpCg_p O¡fphp_p¡ lsp¡. L$p¡V$_¡ 11 v$fhpÅ A_¡ A¡L$ bpfu lsu : bNhpX$p¡, R>]qX$ep, L$p¡W$pL|$C, A^pfp¡, apV$u`pm, L$_kX$p¡, dp¡suip, Mp_kfp¡hf, cÌ$uhpX$, dufp„ A_¡ Ny„NX$u-A¡ 11 v$fhpÅ A_¡ bpfdu bpfu. A¡dp„\u bpfu_y„ L$p¡C A[õsÐh füy„ _\u.
il¡f_u Qpf¡ bpSy> Qpf qv$ipdp„ Qpf dp¡V$p„ smph lsp„. `ròd¡ klötgN, DÑf¡ `usp„bf, `|h£ Ny„NX$u A_¡ v$rnZ¡ Mp_ kfp¡hf. klötgN A_¡ `usp„bf_p Ahi¡jp¡ S> füp R>¡. Ny„NX$u ^ud¡ ^ud¡ `yfpC füy„ R>¡. Mp_ kfp¡hf_p¡ rhL$pk L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ _p¥L$prhlpf_y„ ^pd b_u iL$¡.
`pV$Zdp„ Qpf hph lsu. tk^hpC_u hph, _hu L$pgL$p dpsp_u hph, rÓL$d bpfp¡V$_u hph A_¡ fpZu_u hph. s¡ D`fp„s `p„Q¡L$ â¿eps L|$hp lsp. v¡$fpZu-S>¡W$pZu_p¡ L|$hp¡, cdqfep¡ L|$hp¡, Y$p¡gu L|$hp¡, v$pdpÆ bpN_p¡ L|$hp¡ A_¡ `„QdyMu l_ydp_ `pk¡_p¡ L|$hp¡. A¡ D`fp„s dlp¡ëgp, `p¡mp¡ A_¡ Ofp¡dp„ Mp_Nu L|$CAp¡ `Z lsu. `pV$Z_u Qpf¡ bpSy>A¡ `fp„ Aph¡gp„ lsp„, `f„sy ApS>¡ A¡L$`Z `fy„ _\u.
`pV$Zdp„ rlÞvy$ A_¡ S>¥_ dmu_¡ 300 S>¡V$gp„ d„qv$fp¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ S>¥_ d„qv$fp¡ rië`-õ\p`Ðe_u ×rô$A¡ QqX$epsp„ R>¡. âpQu_ S>¥_ d„qv$fp¡dp„ L$póW$L$gp_¡ kpfy„ DÑ¡S>_ dþey„ lsy„. d„qv$fp¡_p õs„cp¡, dl¡fpbp¡, OyçdV$p¡ A_¡ Üpfp¡ L$póW$L$gp_p DÑd _d|_pê$` b_sp„. T|gsp„ Tyçdfp¡, _©Ðep„N_pAp¡, ârslpfp¡, h©„v$-hpv$L$p¡, su\¯L$fp¡, qv$¼`pgp¡, rhÛp^fp¡ A_¡ su\®`Ë$p¡ L$pô$rië`p¡dp„ L$gp`|h®L$ L„$X$pfpe¡gp„ R>¡.
`„Qpkfp `pð®_p\_y„ rS>_pge h_fpS>¡ rh¾$d k„hs 802dp„ b„^pìey„ lsy„. s¡dp„_u ârsdp `„Qpkf\u gphhpdp„ Aph¡gu. s¡ `R>u _hp„ rS>_pgep¡ b„^psp„ A_¡ bv$gpsp„ Nep„. L$póW$_p„ rS>_pgep¡ `pjpZ_p„ bÞep„, `Z ârsdp sp¡ A¡_u A¡ S> flu. lpg_p `„Qpkfp `pð®_p\ bph_ rS>_pgedp„ 86 ârsdpAp¡ _hu R>¡. s¡dp„_u 24 ârsdp 24 su\¯L$fp¡_u R>¡. Apif¡ 130 awV$ g„bpC, 90 awV$ `lp¡mpC A_¡ 75 awV$ KQpC ^fphsy„ Ap rS>_pge v¡$ghpX$p_p„ v$l¡fp„Ap¡_y„ õdfZ L$fph¡ R>¡. ApS> ky^udp„ s¡_p _hr_dp®Z `pR>m 12 gpM ê$r`ep MQp®C Q|¼ep R>¡. lÆ L$pd Qpgy S> R>¡.
kv$u `l¡gp„ `pV$Z_u hkrs 30 lÅf S>¡V$gu lsu. fõsp kp„L$X$p A_¡ ^|rmep lsp. `Mpgu fõsp `f `pZu R>p„V$u S>sp¡. fpS>dpN® dpÓ 15-20 awV$ `lp¡mpC_p¡ lsp¡. fõsp_u bpSy>A¡ \p„cgp `f L$pQ_p L$dpX$hpmp„ ap_k fl¡sp„. s¡dp„ fpÓ¡ L¡$fp¡ku__p v$uhp dyL$psp. Ofp¡ _uQp„ A_¡ _p_p„ lsp„. hfkpv$_y„ `pZu Of_p V$p„L$pdp„ k„Ofpsy„ _¡ `uhpsy„. hph-L|$hp_y„ `pZu h`fpidp„ g¡hpsy„. `|h® qv$ipA¡ Aph¡gp Ny„NX$u smphdp„ _Nf_u _pfuAp¡ L$`X$p„ ^p¡hp Aphsu. N„v$p `pZu_p¡ r_L$pg Myëgu _uL$p¡ Üpfp \sp¡.
`pV$Z_p¡ h¡`pf-^„^p¡ ApSy>bpSy>_p„ NpdX$p„ kp\¡ Qpgsp¡. M¡X|$sp¡ NpX$p„ cfu_¡ A_pS>, ipL$cpÆ hN¡f¡ gphsp. s¡ b^y„ N„S>bÅfdp„ W$ghpsy„. Ou A_¡ v|$^_p¡ ^„^p¡ `Z kpfp¡ Qpgsp¡. M¡X|$shN®_u ÷uAp¡ NpdX¡$\u lp„X$pdp„ Ou-v|$^ cfu_¡ il¡fdp„ h¡Qhp Aphsu. L$p`X$dp„ diê$ hMZpsy„. S>¡_¡ gu^¡ `pV$Z_¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue ârsóW$p âpàs \C R>¡ s¡ `V$p¡mp„_p¡ DÛp¡N kpmhuhpX$pdp„ ^d^p¡L$pf Qpgsp¡. lpg sp¡ dpÓ b¡ÓZ Of S> füp„ R>¡. A¡L$ `V$p¡my„ ApS>_p A„v$pS>¡ 70 lÅf\u khp gpM ê$r`ep_y„ b_¡ R>¡. duW$pCdp„ `pV$Z_p„ v¡$hX$p„ ApS>¡ `Z hMZpe R>¡. dpV$u_p„ hpkZp¡ A_¡ fdL$X$p„ b_phhp_p¡, `p`X$-hX$u b_phhp_p¡ A_¡ buX$u hpmhp_p¡ N©l DÛp¡N `Z Qpg¡ R>¡. A¡ hMs¡ L$Þep L¡$mhZu Ap¡R>u lsu A_¡ A¡L$ S> kfL$pfu A„N°¡Æ ipmp lsu. hpl_p¡dp„ dpÓ Op¡X$pNpX$u S> lsu. dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ gp¡L$p¡ Qpgsp S>sp A_¡ kpvy„$ Æh_ Æhsp.
`pV$Z_p kh®sp¡dyMu rhL$pkdp„ qL$gpQ„v$ `qfhpf_p¡ dp¡V$p¡ apmp¡ R>¡. i¡W$ qL$gpQ„v$ v¡$hQ„v¡$ `p¡rgV¡$[¼_L$, L$p¡g¡Å¡, op_bpC âk|rsN©l, L¡$kfbl¡_ L$Þep rhÛpge S>¡hu k„õ\pAp¡_y„ dpsbf v$p_ Apàey„ R>¡. i¡W$ sygkuv$pk qL$gpQ„v¡$ DÃQ L¡$mhZu_u k„õ\pAp¡ A_¡ L$p¡g¡Å¡ õ\p`hpdp„ apmp¡ Apàep¡ R>¡. i¡W$ fpdv$pk qL$gpQ„v¡$ DÑf NyS>fps eyr_hrk®V$u õ\p`hp dpV¡$ dp¡L$m¡ lp\¡ v$p_ Apàey„ R>¡. i¡W$ ÞepgQ„v$ gëgyQ„v¡$ lp¡[õ`V$g bp„^hp dpV¡$ v$p¡Y$ gpM_y„ v$p_ L$f¡gy„. i¡W$ `|_dQ„v ÞepgQ„v¡$ 1915dp„ Ap`¡gp AY$u gpM ê$r`ep_p v$p_\u `pV$Zdp„ `pZu_p„ _m Apìep„. i¡W$ âcyv$pk `yfyjp¡Ñv$pk âÅ`rsA¡ _p_p„-dp¡V$p„ \C_¡ 60 gpM ê$r`ep_p„ v$p_ Apàep„ R>¡.
fpS>fÐ_ rhÌ$gv$pk Qsycy®S> Th¡fuA¡ ky^fpC_¡ kps lÅf ê$r`ep_y„ v$p_ L$fu_¡ Qsycy®S> bpN b_phX$phu_¡ âÅ_¡ A`®Z L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap D`fp„s i¡W$ cp¡Nugpg gl¡fQ„v$, i¡W$ `|_dQ„v$ gëgyQ„v$, i¡W$ l¡dQ„v$ dp¡l_gpg Th¡fu A¡ kp¥ v$p_hufp¡A¡ `pV$Z_p rhL$pkdp„ apmp¡ Apàep¡ R>¡.
`pV$Z_p¡ A¡L$ Np¥fhcep£ Ahi¡j s¡ A¡_p lõsrgrMs N°„\c„X$pfp¡ R>¡. rkÙfpS>¡ dpmhp_p fpÅ eip¡hdp®_¡ lfphu_¡ Ðep„_p¡ N°„\c„X$pf `pV$Zdp„ hkpìep¡ lsp¡. rkÙfpS>, Ly$dpf`pg A_¡ hõsy`pg¡ L$fp¡X$p¡ ê$r`ep_¡ MQ£ N°„\pgep¡ õ\pàep„ lp¡hp_p Dëg¡Mp¡ dm¡ R>¡. `pV$Zdp„ rhrh^ õ\m¡ 20 S>¡V$gp„ op_c„X$pfp¡dp„ N°„\p¡ k„Ofpe¡gp lsp. s¡ sdpd A¡L$ S> õ\m¡ A¡L$rÓs L$fu_¡ kpQhhp_y„ L$pe® ApQpe® îu rhS>ehëgck|fuðfÆ_u â¡fZp\u A_¡ dyr_ îu `yÎerhS>eÆ_u ìehõ\p Üpfp `pV$Z_p S>¥_ k„O¡ L$ey¯ R>¡.
Ap op_d„qv$fdp„ k„õL©$s, âpL©$s, A`c°„i, NyS>fpsu, rlÞv$u hN¡f¡ cpjp_u rhrh^ rgr`Ap¡dp„ gMpe¡gu spX$`Ó, L$pNm A_¡ L$p`X$ `f gM¡gu A„v$pS>¡ 24,000 lõsâsp¡_p¡ 40 S>¡V$gp„ dp¡V$p„ L$bpV$p¡dp„ k„N°l L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. A¡dp„ spX$`Óue lõsâsp¡ A„v$pS>¡ 750 S>¡V$gu R>¡. ^d®, v$i®_, L$pìe, _pV$L$, L$\pkprlÐe, Ag„L$pfip÷, _pV$éip÷, rië`, Äep¡rsj, h¥v$L$ A¡d rhrh^ rhjep¡_¡ gNsu âsp¡ R>¡. S>¥_ D`fp„s rlÞvy$ A_¡ bp¥Ù ^d® kprlÐe_p N°„\p¡ Al] kQhpep R>¡. L¡$V$guL$ lõsâsp¡ kyhZ® A_¡ fS>spnfu R>¡, sp¡ L¡$V$guL$ krQÓ `Z R>¡. 11du\u 20du kv$udp„ gMpe¡gu lõsâsp¡ Al] R>¡. 1064dp„ gMpe¡gu lõsâs kp¥\u S|>_u R>¡.
i¡W$ l¡dQ„v$ dp¡l_gpg_u ê$. 51,000_u Dv$pf kMphs\u Ap op_d„qv$f A[õsÐhdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. X$p¡. åeygf, X$p¡. qL$ëlp¡_, X$p¡. A¡ëk|L$p¡L$ A_¡ S>_®g S>¡çk V$p¡X$ S>¡hp A„N°¡S> rhÜp_p¡ Ap op_c„X$pf_u dygpL$ps¡ Aphu Nep R>¡. Ap op_c„X$pf_p "âb„^ tQspdrZ'_u klpe\u A¡. L¡$. apb®k¡ "fpkdpmp'_p¡ N°„\ b¡ cpNdp„ fÃep¡ lsp¡.
Ap N°„\c„X$pf_y„ kh£nZ L$fsp„ A„N°¡Æ rhÜp_ `uV$fk_¡ _p¢Ýey„ R>¡ L¡$ : ApMp S>Nsdp„ A¡_p (`pV$Z_p) S>¡hp„ dpÓ S|>S> _Nfp¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ ApV$gu cìe âpQu_sphpmu lõsâsp¡_p k„N°l A_¡ k„Np¡`__y„ Np¥fh ^fphu iL¡$. Ap lõsâsp¡ eyfp¡`_u L$p¡C `Z rhÛp`uW$_u dNê$bu g¡hp gpeL$ A_¡ Cóep® Aph¡ A¡hu fus¡ kpQhu fpM¡gp¡ MÅ_p¡ \C iL¡$ A¡d R>¡.
NyS>fpsu kprlÐe `qfjv$_y„ l¡d kpfõhs kÓ `pV$Zdp„ ep¡Åey„ Ðepf¡ Ap op_c„X$pf_y„ Dv¹$OpV$_ `qfjv$_p âdyM L$_¥epgpg dy_iuA¡ L$ey¯ lsy„.
S>¥_ kprlÐe_p gp¡L$cp¡Áe N°„\p¡_¡ âL$pris L$fhp_p DØ¡i\u rh¾$d k„hs 1960_p Apkp¡ kyv$ `p„Qd_p qv$hk¡ `pV$Zdp„ îu l¡dQ„ÖpQpe® S>¥_ kcp_u õ\p`_p L$fhpdp„ Aphu lsu. s¡dp„ rhrh^ cpjp_p„ `yõsL$p¡_p¡ k„N°l L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. k„õ\p Üpfp rhÜp_ h¼spAp¡_p„ Ål¡f âhQ_p¡ ep¡Åe R>¡.
`pV$Z_¡ Ap„NZ¡ 1986dp„ DÑf NyS>fps eyr_hrk®V$u õ\`pC R>¡. s¡dp„ rhrh^ rhÛpipMp_u 111 L$p¡g¡Å¡ k„gÁ_ \C R>¡. NyS>fps_u A[õdsp_p Äep¡rs^®f l¡dQ„ÖpQpe®_y„ _pd lh¡ eyr_hrk®V$u kp\¡ Å¡X$pi¡. Ap eyr_hrk®V$u_p Apd„ÓZ\u NyS>fps kprlÐe `qfjv$_y„ 41dy„ Ar^h¡i_ 29, 30 qX$k¡çbf 2001_p fp¡S> `pV$Zdp„ ep¡ÅC Ney„.
`pV$Z¡ DÑd L$p¡qV$_p kprlÐekS>®L$p¡ Apàep R>¡. Ap¿ep__p¡ r`sp cpgZ, DÙh, rhóÏv$pk, rhð_p\ Å_u, k„ip¡^_ n¡Ó¡ X$p¡. cp¡Nugpg kp„X¡$kfp, fpdgpg, dp¡v$u, L$_¥epgpg v$h¡, kyf¡iQ„Ö v$h¡, `yfyjp¡ÑdcpC ipl, dyLy$Þv$cpC b°ûnrÓe, _hgL$\pL$pf dp¡l_gpg `V¡$g A_¡ dp¡l_gpg ^pdu, X$p¡. s`õhu _pÞv$u, X$p¡. syrjs `pf¡M, drZcpC âÅ`rs-A¡ kh£A¡ `p¡sp_u L$gd_p¡ L$kb AS>dpìep¡ R>¡. ApTpv$u_p Ap„v$p¡g_dp„ rhS>eLy$dpf rÓh¡v$u, drZcpC v$h¡, A„bpgpg v$pZu hN¡f¡A¡ `pV$Z_y„ `pZu bspìey„ lsy„. svy$`fp„s X$p¡. W$pL$p¡fgpg `„X$ép, X$p¡. k¡h„sugpg ipl, _Vy$cpC fphm, lqfcpC fpdu A_¡ AMpX$p âh©rÑ_p âZ¡sp fpdâkpv$ c¥epÆA¡ `pV$Z_u âNrsdp„ eiõhu apmp¡ Apàep¡ R>¡.
`pV$Z ip„rsrâe, k„õL$pfu A_¡ rhÛprâe il¡f R>¡. 17dp isL$dp„ "luf kp¥cpÁe' L$pìe_p L$sp® v¡$h rhdg NrZ L$l¡ R>¡, ""Adv$phpv$ S>¡_y„ dyM R>¡ A¡hu NyS>®f v¡$i_u gÿdu_p„ M„cps A_¡ `pV$Z, A¡ ÅZ¡ L¡$ b„_¡ bpSy> õawfsp„ Ly„$X$mp¡ R>¡.''
skhufp¡ :
(1) fpZu_u hph_y„ A¡L$ ×íe
(2) `pV$Z_p S>¥_ v¡$fpkfdp„ L$p›$_y„ L$p¡sfL$pd
kp¥S>Þe : "NyS>fps' v$u`p¡Ðkhu A„L$ 2002
iê$Aps
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