_f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p Mpk dpZkp¡ L$p¡Z L$p¡Z R>¡?
âip„s v$epm
_f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p Mpk dpZkp¡ L$p¡Z L$p¡Z R>¡? (cpN-1)
_f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p hapv$pfp¡dp„ Ap_„v$ubl¡_ `V¡$g_p¡ `Z kdph¡i \pe R>¡. cpS>` kp\¡ _psp¡ Å¡X$ép bpv$ Ap_„v$ubl¡_ `V¡$g
_f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u âÐe¡_u hapv$pfu_p bv$gpdp„ Ap_„v$ubl¡_ `V¡$g `l¡gu hMs L¡$rb_¡V$ â^p_ sfuL¡$ r_dZ|L$ `pçep„
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cpS>` drlgp dp¡fQp_p„ âdyM bÞep„. Ap D`fp„s fpÄekcp_p„ kæe sfuL¡$ qv$ëlu `Z Nep„. 1995dp„ L¡$iycpC `V¡$g_u kfL$pfdp„ bp¡X®$_y„ Q¡fd¡_`v$ `Z dþey„ lsy„, `f„sy s¡d_u hapv$pfu dp¡v$u kp\¡ flu lsu. 1998dp„ L¡$iycpC `V¡$g_u kfL$pfdp„ d„Óu lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡d_u dp¡v$u sfa_u hapv$pfudp„ L$p¡C Ap¡V$ Aphu _lp¡su. _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$uA¡ dy¿e â^p_ \sp„_u kp\¡ Ap_„v$ubl¡_ `V¡$g_¡ fpÄeL$npdp„\u L¡$rb_¡V$ d„Óu_p¡ v$fÄÅ¡ Apàep¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ `ÓL$pfp¡ kp\¡ lm¡dm¡ R>¡ Mfp„. Ap_„v$ubl¡_ `V¡$g dp¡v$u_u _ÆL$_p hsy®m_p„ A¡L$ kæe R>¡.
_hp dy¿e â^p_ Aph¡ s¡_u kp\¡ krQhpge[õ\s L$pep®gedp„ `Z a¡fapf Aph¡ R>¡. _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p ApNd_ bpv$ `Z Aphy„ S> bÞey„. L¡$iycpC `V¡$g_p ipk_L$pmdp„ dy¿ed„Óu_p L$pep®gedp„ 128 L$d®QpfuAp¡_p¡ õV$pa lsp¡, S>¡dp„ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$uA¡ OV$pX$p¡ L$fu 50 L$d®QpfuAp¡ L$fu _p¿ep R>¡.
ApfA¡kA¡k_y„ b¡L$N°pDÞX$ ^fphsp sÞde dl¡sp R>¡ëgp„ v$k hj®\u dp¡v$u_p A„Ns dpZk sfuL¡$ ÅZusp R>¡.
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_f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p A„Ns dv$v$_uidp„ lpgdp„ sÞde dl¡sp, Ap¡dâL$pi tkl A_¡ qv$_¡i rbís_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. sÞde dl¡sp d|m `pV$Z_p hs_u R>¡. k„O_p õhe„k¡hL$ R>¡. 1992dp„ Adv$phpv$ Apìep bpv$ cpS>` L$pep®ge s¡d_y„ r_hpkõ\p_ b_u Ney„ lsy„, S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ cpS>`_p rkr_ef ApN¡hp_p¡ A_¡ `ÓL$pfp¡ kp\¡ s¡d_p¡ _psp¡ dS>b|s R>¡. dy¿ed„Óu_p L$pep®gedp„ Aphsp ANpD sÞde dl¡sp çeyr_rk`g L$p¡`p£f¡i__y„ cpS>` L$pep®ge k„cpmsp lsp. Ap D`fp„s kyf¡ÞÖ `V¡$g kp\¡ `Z L$pd L$fsp lsp.
_f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u qv$ëlu lp¡hp R>sp„ sÞde dl¡sp_p k„`L$p£ dp¡v$u_u kp\¡ Æh„s lsp, S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$uA¡ dy¿e â^p_ \sp„_u kp\¡ sÞde_¡ `p¡sp_p A„Ns dv$v$_ui sfuL¡$ `p¡sp_p L$pep®gedp„ õ\p_ Apàey„ R>¡. dp¡v$u_p A„Ns dv$v$_uidp„ sÞde A¡L$dpÓ NyS>fpsu R>¡.
Ap¡`u_p lzgpdZp _pd\u Ap¡mMpsp Ap¡.`u. tkl_¡ R>¡L$ qv$ëlu\u _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u Np„^u_Nf gpìep R>¡
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_f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u qv$ëlu\u `p¡sp_u kp\¡ A„Ns dv$v$_ui sfuL¡$ Ap¡dâL$pi_¡ kp\¡ gpìep R>¡. Ap¡dâL$pi_¡ ku.A¡d. Ap¡qak_p¡ õV$pa Ap¡.`u._p _pd\u Ap¡mM¡ R>¡. Ap¡dâL$pi¡ qv$ëlu_p k|ep® apDÞX¡$i__p¡ rdX$g d¡_¡S>d¡ÞV$_p¡ Aæepk L$f¡gp¡ R>¡. õhe„k¡hL$ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap¡dâL$pi R>¡ëgp„ b¡ hj®\u _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_y„ qv$ëlu_y„ L$pd k„cpmsp lsp, dpV¡$ dp¡v$u s¡d_¡ `p¡sp_u kp\¡ Np„^u_Nf gC Apìep R>¡. Å¡L¡$ Ap¡R>pbp¡gp Ap¡dâL$pi NyS>fpsu `ÓL$pfp¡\u v|$f fl¡ R>¡. L$v$pQ dp¡v$uA¡ v|$f fl¡hp_u kgpl `Z Ap`u lp¡e.
qv$_¡i rbís dy¿e â^p_ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p B-d¡Bg_p¡ S>hpb Ap`hp_y„ L$pd k„cpm¡ R>¡.
ku.A¡d._p A„Ns dv$v$_ui qv$_¡i rbís _f¡ÞÖcpC_p B-d¡Bg_p¡ S>hpb Ap`hp_y„ L$pd k„cpm¡ R>¡
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dy¿e â^p_ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u A_¡ L¡$iycpC_u `V¡$g_u L$Q¡fudp„ afS> bÅhsp lp¡e A¡hp A¡L$dpÓ Ad©s `V¡$g R>¡. s¡Ap¡ A„X$f k¡¾¡$V$fu L$np_p kfL$pfu L$d®Qpfu lp¡hp R>sp„ k„O_p S|>_p õhe„k¡hL$ R>¡. S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ S> 1995dp„ L¡$iycpC `V¡$g_u kfL$pfdp„ dy¿ed„Óu L$pep®gedp„ s¡d_p¡ kdph¡i L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡.
L¡$iycpC `V¡$g_u L$Q¡fudp„ lp¡hp R>sp„ Ad©s `V¡$g¡ L¡$iycpC A_¡ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u hÃQ¡ `X¡$gu rsfpX$ kp„^hp_p M|b âeÐ_p¡ L$ep® lsp. buÅ iåv$p¡dp„ L$luA¡ sp¡ s¡dZ¡ dÝeõ\u L$fu lsu. Å¡L¡$ Ad©s `V¡$g S>¡ âL$pf¡ âeÐ_p¡ L$fsp lsp s¡ S> âL$pf¡ L¡$iycpC A_¡ _f¡ÞÖcpC hÃQ¡ A„sf h^¡ s¡hp âeÐ_p¡ L$f_pf_u k„¿ep h^y lsu. S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ Ad©s `V¡$g kam \ep _lp¡sp. Ad©s `V¡$g `p¡sp_u Ås_¡ hapv$pf dpZk R>¡. `p¡s¡ S>¡ dp_¡ R>¡ s¡ L$l¡ R>¡ A_¡ L$f¡ R>¡. L$v$pQ A¡V$g¡ L¡$iycpC kp\¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$uA¡ `p¡sp_u kp\¡ fp¿ep R>¡.
L¡$iycpC `V¡$g_p kdedp„ afS> bÅhsp lp¡e A¡hp dpÓ Ad©scpC `V¡$g_¡ S> _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p kdedp„ `Z Qpgy fMpep R>¡
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Äepf¡ R>¡ëgp„ 17 hj®\u dy¿e â^p__p S>_k„`L®$ Ar^L$pfu sfuL¡$ AZ_d b¡qV„$N L$f_pf S>Nv$ui W$½$f d|m dprlsu Mpsp_p Ar^L$pfu R>¡. Apd sp¡ `ÓL$pf sfuL¡$ `p¡sp_p Æh__u iê$Aps L$f_pf S>Nv$ui W$½$f AL$õdps¡ kfL$pfu L$d®Qpfu b_u Nep. lpgdp„ Å¡BÞV$ X$pef¡¼V$f sfuL¡$_p `p¡sp_p L$pe®cpf kp\¡ S>_k„`L®$ Ar^L$pfu sfuL¡$_y„ L$pd k„cpmsp S>Nv$ui W$½$f `pk¡ dy¿e â^p_\u _pfpS> `ÓL$pfp¡_¡ lksp dp¡Y¡$ blpf dp¡L$ghp_u rhi¡j AphX$s R>¡. 1985\u dy¿e â^p__p S>_k„`L®$ Ar^L$pfu lp¡hp R>sp„ c|s`|h® dy¿e â^p_p¡_u A¡L$`Z _bmu bpSy> L$Y$phhpdp„ L$p¡C `ÓL$pf kam \ep _\u. dy¿e â^p__u Ap¡qakdp„ b¡W$p„ b¡W$p„ â¡kÅ¡Ny„ r_h¡v$_ s¡Ap¡ OX$uhpfdp„ gMu _pM¡ R>¡. A¡L$`Z fpS>L$ue Q|L$ rh_p_y„. r_h©Ñ \ep bpv$ S>Nv$ui W$½$f `[ågL$ qfg¡i_ dpV¡$_u L$p¡g¡S> iê$ L$f¡ sp¡ kpfp rinL$ kprbs \pe s¡dp„ b¡ ds _\u.
R>¡ëgp„ v$p¡Y$ hj®\u Np„^u_Nfdp„ õ\peu \e¡gp ìehkpe¡ `ÓL$pf A_¡ S|>_p õhe„k¡hL$ rls¡icpC `„X$ép lpgdp„ dy¿ed„Óu_p L$pep®ge_p S>_k„`L®$ Ar^L$pfu S>Nv$ui W$½$f_p klpeL$ sfuL¡$ afS> bÅh¡ R>¡. 17 hj® ky^u rls¡icpC `„X$ép fpS>L$p¡V$dp„ awgR>pbdp„ qkr_ef `ÓL$pf sfuL¡$ afS> bÅhsp lsp. Apd sp¡ s¡dZ¡ A¡gApBku_u _p¡L$fu\u `p¡sp_u L$pfqL$v$}_u iê$Aps L$fu lsu, `f„sy Nm\|\udp„ k„O_p k„õL$pf lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ 1974dp„ B[Þv$fp Np„^uA¡ L$V$p¡L$V$u gpv$u Ðepf¡ õhcph âdpZ¡ Q|` b¡ku i¼ep _l]. S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ "rdkp' l¡W$m s¡d_u ^f`L$X$ \C lsu.
dy¿e â^p__p S>_k„`L®$ Ar^L$pfu sfuL¡$ S>Nv$ui W$½$f _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_u M|b _ÆL$ d_pe R>¡
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17 hj® ky^u "awgR>pb'dp„ `ÓL$pf sfuL¡$ _p¡L$fu L$ep® bpv$ "NyS>fps kdpQpf'_u L$ÃR> Aph©rÑ_p r_hpku s„Óu sfuL¡$_u Ap¡af s¡d_¡ dmu lsu s¡_p dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡ 26du ÅÞeyApfu, 2001_p fp¡S> L$ÃR> `lp¢Qu Nep lsp. `f„sy Ly$v$fs_¡ L„$C Sy>vy„$ d„S|>f lsy„ A_¡ s¡ S> qv$hk¡ c|L„$` Apìep¡. buÅ iåv$p¡dp„ L$luA¡ sp¡ c|L„$` Apìep¡ Ðepf¡ L$ÃR>blpf_p `l¡gp `ÓL$pf rls¡i `„X$ép L$ÃR>dp„ lpS>f lsp. c|L„$`_¡ L$pfZ¡ NyS>fps kdpQpf_u L$ÃR> Aph©rÑ rhg„bdp„ `X$u. Ap v$frdep_ L¡$iycpC `V¡$g_p ipk_dp„ L$pe®¾$d AdguL$fZ krdrs_p AÝen rhS>e ê$`pZuA¡ s¡d_¡ krQhpgedp„ Aphhp_u v$fMpõs d|L$u.
buÅ S> qv$hk¡ rls¡icpC lf¡_ `„X$ép_¡ Ðep„ AprkõV$ÞV$ `u.A¡. sfuL¡$ Å¡X$pC Nep. rls¡icpC d|m k„O_p lsp. cpS>`dp„ lp¡hp R>sp„ ApOu`pR>u L$fhp_u V¡$h _lp¡su, S>¡\u _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_¡ `p¡sp_p L$pep®gedp„ d|L$hp kpd¡ L$p¡C hp„^p¡ _lp¡sp¡. ApS>¡ rls¡icpC `„X$ép S>_k„`L®$_u L$Q¡fudp„ b¡ku_¡ Mpk L$fu A„N°¡Æ AMbpfp¡ Ýep_\u hp„Q¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ A„N°¡Æ AMbpfp¡_¡ dp¡v$u kp\¡ "bp`¡ dpep® h¡f' R>¡. rls¡icpC `p¡sp_p dy¿e â^p_ rhfyÙ Aphsp kdpQpf hp„Qu Ahíe hmsp¡ S>hpb Ap`¡ R>¡.
k„O_p b¡L$N°pDÞX$dp„\u Aph¡gp rls¡i `„X$ép dp¡v$u rhfyÙ Aph¡gp kdQpfp¡ `f rhi¡j _S>f fpM¡ R>¡
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rls¡icpC `„X$ép krQhpgedp„ cg¡ _hp R>¡, `f„sy s¡dZ¡ fpS>L$pfZuAp¡ A_¡ `ÓL$pfp¡_¡ M|b _ÆL$\u Å¡ep R>¡ dpV¡$ Mpk hp„^p¡ Aph¡ s¡d _\u.
Äepf¡ buÅ A¡L$ Ar^L$pfu_y„ _pd R>¡ lj® b°ûcË$. Apd sp¡ lj®cpC kpdpÞe hluhV$ rhcpNdp„ X¡$àeyV$u k¡¾¡$V$fu R>¡. lj® b°ûcË$ L¡$iycpC_p rhðpky lsp R>sp„ s¡dZ¡ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p¡ `Z rhðpk k„`pv$_ L$fu gu^p¡, S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ kpdpÞe hluhV$u rhcpN D`fp„s s¡d_¡ dy¿e â^p__u L$Q¡fudp„ Mpk Q¡çbf apmhhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. lj® b°ûcË$ ApBA¡A¡k Ar^L$pfuAp¡_u bv$gu_y„ L$pd k„cpm¡ R>¡. S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ `l¡gu hpf ApBA¡A¡k Ar^L$pfuAp¡ rb_NyS>fpsu Ar^L$pfu\u X$fsp lp¡e s¡hy„ bÞey„. lj®cpC_¡ k„O kp\¡ ku^p¡ L$p¡C k„b„^ _\u, `f„sy drZ_Nfdp„ k„O L$pep®ge _ÆL$ fl¡sp lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ k„O_u V$p¡Q_u _¡spNufu kp\¡ hjp£\u k„`L®$dp„ R>¡. lj® b°ûcË$_u A¡L$ S>dp bpSy> L¡$ s¡Ap¡ kfL$pfu L$d®Qpfu lp¡hp R>sp„ kpfp L$rh R>¡.
_f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p X²$pBhf gÿdZcpC R>¡ëgp„ 15 hj®\u dp¡v$u_u kp\¡ `X$R>pep_u S>¡d füp R>¡
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dy¿e â^p_ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p L$pe®¾$dp¡ s¥epf L$fhp_y„ L$pd k„S>e cphkpf k„cpm¡ R>¡. k„S>e cphkpf X¡$àeyV$u L$g¡¼V$f R>¡. dy¿e â^p_ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$uA¡ kÑp k„cpmsp„_u kp\¡ k„S>e cphkpf_¡ `p¡sp_p L$pep®gedp„ gpìep lsp. k„S>e cphkpf Adv$phpv$dp„ X¡$àeyV$u L$g¡¼V$f lsp Ðepf¡ s¡d_u kpd¡ c°ô$pQpf_u aqfepv$ lsu A_¡ s¡ A„N¡ lpgdp„ s`pk Qpgy R>¡. `f„sy k„S>e cphkpf_p r`sp Q„vy$cpC cphkpf k„O_p S|>_p ApN¡hp_ R>¡.
R>¡ëgp„ `„v$f hj®\u _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p QpgL$ sfuL¡$ afS> bÅhsp gÿdZcpC ÅZ¡ L$pf-f¡kdp„ L$pf Qgphsp lp¡e s¡ âdpZ¡ dy¿e â^p__u L$pf l„L$pf¡ R>¡. Apd sp¡ _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u TX$`_p dpZk R>¡ A¡V$g¡ gÿdZcpC_¡ TX$`u L$pf Qgphhp_u V¡$h `X$u NC R>¡. _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_u L$pf Qgphsp \ep s¡ `l¡gp„ gÿdZcpC d_p¡S> cudpZu _pd_p DÛp¡N`rs_u L$pf Qgphsp lsp. Ap DÛp¡N`rsA¡ lh¡ `p¡sp_y„ A¡L$ kpàsprlL$ iê$ L$fu AMbpfu n¡Ódp„ `Z T„`gpìey„ R>¡.
_f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_p Mpk dpZkp¡ L$p¡Z L$p¡Z R>¡? (cpN-1)
skhufp¡ : Np¥sd rÓ`pW$u
Ap Al¡hpg Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?
