"I would not know which drug could possibly help a chess player to improve his game," competition manager Yousuf Ahmad Ali said.
"But, yes, there will be official monitors who may demand that players undergo a drugs test after the rounds."
Drug testing is the latest move by the World Chess Federation (FIDE) to raise international standards in the hope of making chess an Olympic sport in the future.
Along with triathlon, chess is making its debut at the Asian Games, where more than 60 players will compete for the medals.
Among them are ex-world champions Rustam Kasimdzhanov of Uzbekistan and Zhu Chen, a former Chinese international who has switched nationality to represent hosts Qatar.
The Asian Games take place from Dec.1-15.
