X$p¡. L¡$s_ Th¡fu

ùv$efp¡N dpV¡$ bpe`pk Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fpìep `R>u OZp v$v$}Ap¡_¡ ÅsÅs_u sL$guap¡, rÜ^p A_¡ d|„ThZ \sp„ lp¡e R>¡. OZp gp¡L$p¡ _p_u-dp¡V$u sL$guap¡ A_¡ `fhisp_¡ L$pfZ¡ qX$â¡i__p¡ cp¡N b_u S>sp lp¡e R>¡. Al] bpe`pk Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fpìep `R>u v$v$}A¡ fpMhp_u kpdpÞe L$pmÆAp¡ A_¡ ifuf `pk¡_u hpõsrhL$ A`¡npAp¡ A„N¡ QQp® L$fu R>¡.

bpe`pk Ap¡`f¡i__p Op_u iy„ L$pmÆ fpMhu?

bpe`pk Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fpìep `R>u, v$v$} Äepf¡ lp¡[õ`V$gdp„ Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ A¡_p Op A_¡ V$p„L$p_u L$pmÆ s\p r_erds X²¡$tkN lp¡[õ`V$gdp„ X$p¡¼V$f A_¡ õV$pa Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. (L$p¡C `pL$ _ lp¡e sp¡) `R>u dp¡V$p cpN_p kS>®_ Of¡ kps qv$hk `R>u Op `f_u `Ë$u L$pY$u _pMhp_u k|Q_p Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. `Ë$u gNph¡gu lp¡e Ðepf¡ _lphp_u R|>V$ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `Ë$u_u D`f A¡L$pv$ hMs `pZu gpN¡ A¡_p¡ Mpk hp„^p¡ fÅ Apàep `R>u Aphsp¡ _\u.

Ophpmp¡ cpN sX$L$pdp„ M|b S>gv$u\u L$pmp¡ `X$u Åe R>¡ A_¡ ¼epf¡L$ h^y Nfdu\u ê$Tpsu QpdX$u _yL$kp_ `Z `pd¡ R>¡. Mpk sp¡ lp\-`N `f (Äep„_u f¼shprl_uAp¡ ùv$e_¡ gp¡lu `lp¢QpX$hp dpV¡$ L$pY$hpdp„ Aphu lp¡e)_p Op `f Aphu sX$L$p_u Akf h^y Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Ap¡`f¡i_ L$ep® `R>u Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p A¡L$ hfk ky^u Op `f sX$L$p¡ _ gpN¡ A¡_u Mpk L$pmÆ fpMhu Å¡CA¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ L$p¡C `Z Op D`f L$p¡C v$hp gNphhpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ A¡ Op S>gv$u\u ê$Tpe R>¡, A¡V$g¡ X$p¡¼V$f¡ gMu _ Ap`u lp¡e A¡hu L$p¡C v$hp, dgd, s¡g, ¾$ud hN¡f¡ Op `f gNphip¡ _l]. Å¡ (1) Op_p cpN¡ vy$Mphp¡ h^u Åe, (2) Op `pk¡ QpdX$u_p R>¡X$p `f kp¡Å¡ L¡$ gpgpi v¡$Mpe, (3) Opdp„\u fku _uL$m¡ A\hp sp¡, (4) sph Aph¡ sp¡ spÐL$prgL$ kS>®_ X$p¡¼V$f_¡ bsphu v¡$hy„ Å¡CA¡.

Ap¡`f¡i_ `R>u `N `f_p Op A„N¡ iy„ L$pmÆ fpMhu Å¡CA¡?

Å¡ `N_u _k L$pY$u_¡ bpe`pk Ap¡`f¡i_dp„ hp`fu lp¡e sp¡, `N_p Op_u D`f_p S>Zpìep dyS>b ÅmhZu L$fhp D`fp„s AÞe L¡$V$guL$ L$pmÆ S>ê$fu R>¡ : (1) A¡L$ `N `f buÅ¡ `N QY$phu_¡ b¡khy„ _l] (A¡_p\u f¼s`qfc°dZdp„ Ahfp¡^ Aph¡ R>¡. (2) A¡L$ S> [õ\rsdp„ gp„bp¡ kde b¡khp_y„ L¡$ Ecp fl¡hp_y„ V$pmhy„ Å¡CA¡. (3) Äepf¡ b¡W$p lp¡ Ðepf¡ sdpfp¡ `N gV$L$sp¡ fpMhp_¡ bv$g¡ V¡$bg L¡$ V$u`p¡C `f KQp¡ fpMp¡. (4) fpÓ¡ k|su hMs¡ `N_¡ ifuf\u kl¡S> KQp¡ fpMhp¡. (5) sdpfp `N `f kp¡Å¡ h^sp¡ _\u A¡_u fp¡S> Mpsfu L$fsp„ flp¡. Å¡ kp¡Å¡ h^¡ sp¡ spÐL$prgL$ X$p¡¼V$f_p¡ k„`L®$ L$fp¡. (6) sd_¡ kp¡Å dpV¡$ Bgp[õV$L$ `Ë$p¡ bp„^hp_y„ L$üy„ lp¡e sp¡ qv$hk v$frdep_ (Mpk sp¡ gV$L$sp `N¡ L¡$ Ecp„ Ecp„ L$pd L$fhp_y„ lp¡e Ðepf¡) A¡ `l¡fu fpMhp¡ A_¡ fpÓ¡ L$pY$u _pMhp¡ Å¡CA¡.

Ap¡`f¡i_ `R>u c|M _ gpN¡ sp¡ iy„ L$fhy„?

dp¡V$p cpN_p v$v$}Ap¡_¡ bpe`pk Ap¡`f¡i_ `R>u c|M dfu Åe R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ v$v$}Ap¡_¡ sp¡ õhpv$_u A_yc|rs S> _\u \su A\hp OV$u Åe R>¡. ¼epf¡L$ Mp¡fpL$_u N„^\u L¡$ Å¡hp\u AfyrQ L¡$ EbL$p Aph¡ A¡hy„ `Z Ap¡`f¡i_ `R>u_p„ A¡L$b¡ AW$hpqX$ep„ ky^u fl¡ R>¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ c|M gNpX$hp dpV¡$_u v$hp g¡hp_u S>ê$f `X$su _\u.

Ap¡`f¡i_ `R>u KO _ Aph¡ A_¡ "L„$C Nd¡ _l]' Ðepf¡ iy„ L$fhy„?

Ap¡`f¡i_ `R>u sfs_p AW$hpqX$epdp„ OZp v$v$}Ap¡_¡ kdekf KO _\u Aphsu A\hp sp¡ ¼epf¡L$ dmkL¡$ b¡ÓZ hpÁe¡ KO EX$u Åe R>¡. AdyL$ v$v$}Ap¡_¡ qv$hk v$frdep_ L„$C _ Nd¡, "d|X$' kp\¡ _ fl¡ A¡hp¡ A_ych \pe R>¡. vy$Mphp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Aphy„ OZp gp¡L$p¡_¡ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. vy$Mphp¡ L$pb|dp„ fl¡ A¡hu v$hpAp¡ X$p¡¼V$f_u kgpl\u r_erds g¡sp„ fl¡hy„ Å¡CA¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ srbes kpfu A_¡ d_ õhõ\ fl¡ A¡hp¡ A_ych Ap¡`f¡i__p„ Qpf\u R> AW$hpqX$ep„ `R>u \pe R>¡.

Ap¡`f¡i_ `R>u R>psudp„ hÃQp¡hQ "AhpS>' Aph¡ L¡$ lpX$L$p„ vy$M¡ sp¡ iy„ L$fhy„?

bpe`pk Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fsu hMs¡ R>psu_u hÃQ¡_p„ dy¿e lpX$L$p„_¡ L$p`u _pMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap¡`f¡i_ bpv$ õV$ug hpef\u afu A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ Å¡X$u v¡$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. R>psudp„ hÃQp¡hQ Ap kp„^¡gp„ lpX$L$p„dp„ V$QpL$p S>¡hp¡ AhpS> ¼epf¡L$ iê$Aps_p AW$hpqX$epdp„ A_ychpe R>¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ Aphp¡ AhpS> L¡$ \p¡X$p¡L$ vy$Mphp¡ Ap`p¡Ap` L$pb|dp„ Aphu Åe R>¡. Å¡ Ap sL$gua kde S>sp„ OV$hp_¡ bv$g¡ h^su S>Zpe sp¡ spÐL$prgL$ sdpfp X$p¡¼V$f_p¡ k„`L®$ L$fu_¡ A¡_u s`pk L$fphu g¡hu Å¡CA¡.

Ap¡`f¡i_ `R>u R>psudp„ X$pbp cpN `f Mpgu QY$u S>hp_p¡ A_ych ip dpV¡$ \pe R>¡?

S>¡ v$v$}_p Ap¡`f¡i_dp„ N°pãV$ sfuL¡$ (S|>_u kp„L$mu f¼shprl_u_¡ bv$g¡ _hu f¼shprl_u sfuL¡$) "g¡ãV BÞV$f_g d¡dfu ApV®$fu (rgdp)'_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ lp¡e A¡ v$v$}Ap¡dp„ X$pbu bpSy>_u R>psu_p \p¡X$pL$ cpNdp„ "Mpgu`Zp'_p¡ Al¡kpk \pe R>¡. Ap_y„ L$pfZ A¡V$gy„ S> R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ cpNdp„ Ap "rgdp' ^d_u Üpfp f¼sâhpl A_¡ A¡_u Apk`pk_u Q¡spAp¡ Üpfp k„h¡v$_p-k„Qpf \sp¡ lsp¡ A¡ lh¡ D`pX$u_¡ ùv$e_¡ f¼sâhpl Ap`hp dpV¡$ h`fpsu lp¡hp\u R>psu_p¡ A¡ cpN "Mpgu`Zp'_p¡ A_ych L$f¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf_p A_ych\u buÆ L$p¡C sL$gua \su _\u lp¡su, dpV¡$ A¡_u tQsp fpMip¡ _l].

Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fpìep `R>u L$C âh©rÑAp¡ ¼epf¡ iê$ L$fu iL$pe?

kpdpÞe fus¡ Ap¡`f¡i_ L$ep® `R>u_p„ R> AW$hpqX$ep„_p¡ kde R>psu_p„ lpX$L$p„_¡ k„^php dpV¡$ gpN¡ R>¡. Ap kde v$frdep_ R>psu_p„ Ap hÃQp¡hQ Aph¡gp„ lp„X$L$p„ `f v$bpZ, TpV$L$p L¡$ hS>_ _ Aph¡ A¡_u L$pmÆ fpMhu `X¡$ R>¡. Å¡ L$p¡C `Z âh©rÑ L$fsu hMs¡ ðpk QY¡$, Q½$f Aph¡, Ap„M¡ A„^pfp Aph¡ A\hp R>psudp„ vy$Mphp¡-cpf L¡$ h^y ^bL$pfp_p¡ Al¡kpk \pe sp¡ A¡ âh©rÑ sfs b„^ L$fu_¡ Apfpd L$fhp gpNhy„ Å¡CA¡. Å¡ Aphu sL$gua Apfpd L$ep® `R>u 20 rdr_V$\u h^y Qpg¡ sp¡ sfs X$p¡¼V$f_¡ bsphhy„ S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap¡`f¡i_ bpv$ fp¡tS>v$u âh©rÑAp¡dp„ _uQ¡ dyS>b L$pmÆ fpMhu S>ê$fu R>¡ :

Qpghy„ : Qpghy„ A¡ kpfu L$kfs R>¡, `Z v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s dpV¡$ Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ âdpZdp„ Sy>v$u Sy>v$u suh°sp\u Qpghp_u L$kfs A„N¡ kgpl Ap`hu `X¡$ R>¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ Of_u A„v$f Qpghp_y„ fÅ Apàep `R>u sfs L$fu iL$pe R>¡. ^ud¡^ud¡ h^sp S>sp kde A_¡ TX$`\u Of_u blpf Qpghp_u L$kfs L$fhu Å¡CA¡. \pL$ gpN¡, ðpk QY¡$ L¡$ R>psudp„ vy$M¡ sp¡ sfs AV$L$u S>hy„. R> AW$hpqX$ep„ `R>u kl¡gpC\u Of_u blpf 30\u 45 rdr_V$ Qpghp_y„ i¼e b_hy„ Å¡CA¡.

(2) v$pv$f QY$hp : Ap¡`f¡i_ L$ep® `R>u v$pv$f QY$hp_u d_pC _\u lp¡su. AgbÑ ^udu NrsA¡, v$f¡L$ `Nr\e¡ b¡ `N c¡Np \pe A¡ fus¡ QY$hy„. QY$su hMs¡ lp\\u f¡tgN_¡ M¢Qu_¡ QY$hp_p¡ rbgLy$g âeÐ_ _ L$fhp¡. dpÓ `N\u Å¡f L$fu_¡ S> QY$hy„ Å¡CA¡-.

(3) hpl_ Qgphhy„ : Ap¡`f¡i_ `R>u buÅ L$p¡C hpl_ Qgphsp„ lp¡e Ðepf¡ sd¡ A¡ hpl_dp„ b¡ku_¡ kpfp fõsp `f TpV$L$p _ gpN¡ s¡d dykpafu L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡, `f„sy Ås¡ hpl_ Qgphhp_y„, kpBL$g, õL|$V$f L¡$ dp¡V$fkpBL$g `f khpfu L$fhp_y„ R> AW$hpqX$ep„ ky^u V$pmhy„ Å¡CA¡. Å¡ hpl_dp„ gp„bu dykpafu L$fhu lp¡e sp¡ v$f b¡ L$gpL¡$ A¡L$ hMs hpl_ Ecy„ fMphu, A¡dp„\u Esfu_¡ b¡`p„Q rdr_V$ Qpgu_¡ `N R|>V$p L$ep® L$fhp S>ê$fu R>¡.

(4) KQL$hy„ : Ap¡`f¡i_ L$ep® `R>u R> AW$hpqX$ep„ ky^u L$p¡C `Z Qpf-`p„Q qL$gp¡\u cpf¡ hõsy KQL$hp_y„, Mk¡X$hp_y„, M¢Qhp_y„ L¡$ ^L¡$ghp_y„ V$pmhy„ Å¡CA¡. bpmL$_¡ `Z KQL$ip¡ _l]. Å¡f\u ðpk fp¡L$u fpMhp_y„ `Z V$pmhy„ Å¡CA¡.

(5) _lphy„-L$`X$p„ hN¡f¡ : QpdX$u_p Op ê$TpC Nep `R>u azhpfp _uQ¡ L¡$ V$bdp„ õ_p_ L$fu iL$pe. M|b Nfd `pZu _lphpdp„ _ hp`fhy„. M|gsp„ L$`X$p„ `l¡fhp„ S>¡\u Op `f v$bpZ _ Aph¡. M|b \pL$ gpN¡ A¡V$gp Å¡f\u ifuf L¡$ dp\y„ _ Okhy„. Ås¡ L$`X$p„ ^p¡hp_y„ V$pmhy„.

(6) ìehkpe_y„ L$pd : R> AW$hpqX$ep„ ky^u ìephkpreL$ L$pd\u v|$f füp bpv$ ^ud¡^ud¡ `pV®$ V$pBd L$pd L$fhp_u iê$Aps \C iL¡$ A_¡ b¡ÓZ drl_p bpv$ ê$V$u_ L$pdL$pS> L$fu iL$pe R>¡.

(7) Åsue Æh_ : Ap¡`f¡i__p v$p¡Y$b¡ drl_p `R>u Åsue Æh_ ^ud¡^ud¡ `|h®hs¹ L$fu iL$pe R>¡.

V|„$L$dp„ Ap¡`f¡i_ bpv$ sdpfp„ lpX$L$p„_¡ k„^php dpV¡$_u A_yL|$msp L$fu Ap`hp dpV¡$ A¡_u `f h^y `X$sp¡ bp¡Å¡ _ `X¡$ A¡_u k„cpm fpMhu `X¡$ R>¡. kp\¡ kp\¡ ùv$e_y„ L$pd _p¡d®g fl¡ A_¡ ùv$e_¡ \p¡X$u \p¡X$u- h^sp S>sp âdpZdp„ L$kfs dmu fl¡ A¡_y„ Ýep_ fpMhy„ `X¡$ R>¡. iê$Aps_p kdedp„ OZp„ kNp„hlpgp„-rdÓp¡-k„b„^u dmhp Aph¡ R>¡. A¡d_u A_¡ sdpfu A_yL|$msp dpV¡$ sdpfp dmhp_p¡ kde b^p_¡ S>Zphu v¡$hp¡, S>¡\u bpL$u_p kdedp„ sd¡ `|fsp¡ Apfpd L$fu iL$p¡.

Ap¡`f¡i_ \C Ney„ A¡V$g¡ crhóedp„ L$v$u L$p¡C sL$gua Ecu _\u \hp_u A¡hp hl¡ddp„ flu_¡ ùv$e_¡ A_¡ ifuf_¡ õhõ\ fpMhp dpV¡$_u L$pedu L$pmÆ g¡hp_y„ Q|L$ip¡ _l]. (1) r_erds AX$^p-`p¡Zp L$gpL$_u L$kfs, (2) sdpLy$_p ìek_\u k„`|Z® dy[¼s, (3) Ap¡R>u Qfbu A_¡ h^y f¡kp ^fphsp¡ ipL$plpfu Mp¡fpL$ s\p (4) dp_rkL$ spZdp„\u dy¼s fl¡hp dpV¡$ ep¡N-Ýep__p¡ Aæepk M|b S> S>ê$fu R>¡- S>¡_¡ tS>v$Nucf kpsÐe`|h®L$ Adgdp„ d|L$hp\u dpÓ ùv$efp¡N S> _l], buÅ A_¡L$ fp¡Np¡\u bQu iL$pe A_¡ tS>v$Nu Æhhp_p¡ Ap_„v$-DÐkpl h^pfu iL$pe R>¡.

Ap rhcpN_p AÞe g¡Mp¡ hp„Qhp Al] [¼gL$ L$fp¡

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?