Centre and state governments are steadily increasing excise duties and value-added tax
Record production in the United States, weakened demand from the Eurozone and emerging economies like China and Brazil, and Iran’s entry into the international market have effectively slashed the price of crude oil for India, from $106 per barrel in July 2014 to $26 in January 2016 - a 75 per cent drop over 15 months.
So, why are you not seeing evidence of this price-cut at your local petrol and diesel station?
The answer: As global crude prices reach a 11-year low, the Centre and state governments steadily increase excise duties and value-added tax, shoring up their revenues and keeping fuel prices high for retail consumers.
Although India imports more than 80% of its fuel requirement, which means declining global prices should, theoretically, have seen sharp declines in retail petrol and diesel prices, Indian consumers of petrol and diesel now pay about double the global rate.
A series of taxes, oil-company profits and other commissions
Retail prices of petrol and diesel prices in three states - Assam, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat - show a variation of less than 10 per cent during the current financial year, 2015-16, according to an IndiaSpend analysis.
For instance, the petrol price in UP rose Rs 2 per litre, when global oil price halved over the same period.
Indian prices stay high because oil marketing companies (OMCs), such as Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd and Reliance Industries Ltd., add their margins, the central government adds excise, state governments add their own (value-added) taxes, and the dealers (petrol pumps) get their commission.
The total of these is the retail price of the fuel you pay.
Excise hiked five times in three months; diesel duty hiked 140%
The excise duty on petrol and diesel has been hiked five times over the last three months, increasing the excise duty on petrol by 34 per cent. On diesel, excise duty has increased by 140 per cent.
The price at which OMCs sell petrol to dealers (petrol pumps) has been halved in two years. Over the same period, retail petrol prices have come down only by 15 per cent.
The value-added taxes imposed by states have more or less remained the same, but excise duties - both basic and additional - imposed by the Centre have doubled between 2014 and 2016.
You pay more taxes on diesel and petrol than price of fuels
The addition of central taxes on diesel is higher than those on petrol. Central taxes per litre of diesel rose to four times its value in April 2014 - from Rs 4.52 per litre to Rs 17.33 per litre in February 2016.
Retail consumers pay more tax on petrol and diesel than its actual price.
Of the price you pay for a litre of petrol, 57 per cent goes to the government as tax. Of the Rs 44 per litre of diesel, 55 per cent is tax.
If the excise duties on diesel had not been increased these two years, diesel would have cost Rs 32 per litre today, other factors remaining the same.
The direct effect of oil prices on cost of transportation of goods and thus consumer inflation has been demonstrated by research from Integrated Research and Action for Development (an autonomous research institute), as journalist and economist Swaminathan Anklesaria Aiyar wrote in this blog.
Research on inflation in Turkey and Sri Lanka has underlined the effect of fuel prices on inflation.
Abhishek Waghmare is an analyst with IndiaSpend.
