Courtois was sent off for denying a goal scoring opportunity in the 52nd minute of Chelsea's 2-2 draw against Swansea City at Stamford Bridge on Saturday.
An independent regulatory commission rejected Chelsea's appeal against the red card and upheld a one-match suspension, the FA said.
The ruling will give back-up keeper Asmir Begovic, signed from Stoke City earlier this summer as a replacement for Petr Cech, the chance to make his first Premier League start for Chelsea.
Image: Thibaut Courtois
Photograph: Julian Finney/Getty Images
Chelsea don't miss 'keeper Cech: Mourinho
Lesser lights sparkle in opening round of EPL
Stoke City break club record to sign Xherdan Shaqiri from Inter
10 BEST Sports Photos of the Week!
In for the long haul, Terry's training hard and eating right