Doping could cast a shadow over Kenya at the 2016 Rio Olympics unless the East African nation implements credible systems to root out drugs cheats, said veteran Kenya-based coach Brother Colm O'Connell.
O'Connell said elite Kenyan runners - who topped the table at the world championships in Beijing in August with seven gold medals - were concerned their reputations were being tarnished by an international doping scandal and a spate of failed tests by Kenyan athletes.
"If Kenya wants to really move into the Olympics with a clear conscience and with global credibility, then ... better testing and monitoring of our athletes has to be put in place immediately," O'Connell said.
"If this scenario is going to drag on until Rio, then of course (a cloud) is going to hang over Rio as well."
O'Connell said Kenya had been too slow to react in 2012 when a German documentary alleged it had a doping problem. At the time, Athletics Kenya (AK) dismissed the claims as efforts to destabilise it ahead of the London Olympics.
"When this documentary came out, we should have taken it a lot more seriously and delved into it to nip it in the bud," added O'Connell.
Over the following years, AK has stuck to the same line, denying that its athletes had a doping problem. Officials kept repeating that doping was limited to lower-level athletes seeking a shortcut to riches.
O'Connell said a failed drug test by Rita Jeptoo, winner of the Chicago and Boston marathons, had blown that narrative out of the water.
"That's when (Kenya) started to latch on to the idea that this needs to be tackled," he said.
"She was the first real elite athlete to set people back on their heels."
At least 33 Kenyan athletes are estimated to have failed drugs tests since 2012. Apart from Jeptoo, none were among its elite group, although two who made it to the world championships failed doping tests in Beijing.
This week, Kenyan Olympic Committee chairman Kipchoge Keino warned that the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was "seriously considering" banning Kenya from track and field for four years.
Athletics Kenya said it had received no written threat of sanctions.
O'Connell -- an Irish missionary and the catalyst for Iten's transformation from a sleepy village to a global athletics hub -- said such a ban would be disastrous for an area where running is an economic lifeline.
"That would be a huge blow to the morale and what's happening on the ground in terms of investment and progress and what the athletes do for this country," he said.
Image: Brother Colm O'Connell poses for a photo at St Patrick's High School in Kenya's Iten village
Photograph: Drazen Jorgic/Files/Reuters