The 62-year-old former Bundaberg-based surgeon was charged at the court hearing in Brisbane, though he was not present when the indictment was formally presented to the Chief District Court Judge.
Patel has been accused of unnecessarily removing the colon of 65-year-old Ian Vowles during a surgery in 2004, when he was at the BundabergHospital, an AAP report said.
Media reports said that Queensland prosecutors have filed proceedings for a new trial against Patel.
Prosecutor David Meredith presented the indictment in the Brisbane District Court.
The trial will begin in late September and is expected to run for three weeks, with both sides to call expert medical witnesses.
Prosecutors will claim Vowles' bowel showed no sign of cancer when the surgeon decided to operate, causing health complications for the patient.
In a separate case, a Supreme Court jury on March 13 had found Patel not guilty of the manslaughter of patient Mervyn Morris, who died on June 14, 2003, three weeks after the doctor removed part of his bowel to treat rectal bleeding.
It was the second time the India-born US citizen stood for the manslaughter trial of 75-year-old Morris. He was convicted of killing Morris and two other patients in June 2010.
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