Image: Chinese crockery for sale in Mumbai’s Manish market. The 500-shop market, next to the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, sells mainly Chinese goods, from fancy lights to toys. Photograph: Abhishek Waghmare.
Indian politicians are currently leading a campaign to boycott Chinese goods. But an IndiaSpend analysis shows why this will fail: China is India’s largest trade partner, a sixth of India’s imports are Chinese, up from a tenth in 2011-12, while India’s exports to its rival have halved over the same period.
Imports from China grew at 20 per cent over two years and 5 per cent over five years, to $61 billion.
These goods range from power plants and set top boxes to Ganesh idols. This is despite the fact that India’s imports have generally fallen over the last five years - from $490 billion (Rs 23 lakh crore) to $380 billion (Rs 25 lakh crore) - because of a fall in global oil prices.
India’s exports to China have fallen from $18 billion (Rs 86,000 crore) in 2011-12 to $9 billion (Rs 58,000 crore) in 2015-16.
Apart from cotton, copper, petroleum and industrial machinery, India does not export much to China. This means that India buys six times the merchandise it sells to China.
Source: Trade between India and China, Export Import Data Bank, Ministry of Commerce; figures in $ billion
The export-import imbalance
Cellphones, laptops, solar cells, fertilisers, keyboards, displays and communication equipment - including earphones - these are India’s chief imports from China, according to our analysis of ministry of commerce data.
Source: Export Import Data Bank, Ministry of Commerce; figures in $ billion
Other major imports from China include tuberculosis and leprosy drugs, antibiotics, children’s toys, industrial springs, ball bearings, LCD and LED displays, routers, TV remote controllers and set top boxes.
The political storm
Despite this, political leaders including Sharad Yadav of Janata Dal (United) from Bihar, Himanta Biswa Sarma, the newly inducted finance minister of Assam, and Anil Vij, health minister of Haryana, are appealing for a boycott of ‘Made In China’ goods.
“People should not buy Chinese goods. Instead, Indian goods should be used. Trade with China is affecting our country. China is not our friend nation. China can buy weapons with whatever money it earns. There is a possibility that the weapons are given to enemy countries…We should focus on Make in India,” Vij was quoted by Indian Express on October 4, 2016.
Stagnant manufacturing figures
China was referred to as the ‘world’s manufacturing powerhouse’ by former Reserve Bank of India governor Raghuram Rajan and chief economic advisor Arvind Subramanian in a February 2006 research paper.
India, however, “failed to match its neighbor in this process”, asserted the paper, published by the US-based National Bureau of Economic Research.
Stagnating indices for the manufacturing sector show that India is still struggling to compete with China. Despite a record foreign direct investment of $55 billion in 2015-16, private investment in manufacturing is still sluggish.
Why China bazars are popular
IndiaSpend visited Manish market, the hub of imported Chinese goods in Mumbai’s heart. Chinese products here are cheaper, available in bulk, neatly packaged and easy to buy.
“If the 50 different types of LED lamps that I sell were available from say, Surat, at a cheaper rate and at my doorstep, why would I go for Chinese lamps?” asked a lamp distributor and retailer, requesting anonymity. “If I had to buy these in India, this collection would cost me double.”
China moved forward with rapid market reforms from the 1980s, propelled by the establishment of special economic zones. Land and labour reforms helped it ramp up its production capacity. The result is that India’s iron, steel and fertiliser production is a tenth of China’s.
Source: Department of Fertilisers, Government of India, XFA Finance, Wikipedia; figures in million tonnes
China’s export story is also driven by ease of market access. Take the example of Sumant Kasliwal, who runs an apparel e-commerce start-up in Mumbai. After two years of shopping for merchandise in India, he switched to China two years ago. His sales have tripled since.
Market access is easier in China
Customers rarely have to waste time in China searching for markets and products, said Kasliwal. It took him less than a week to buy a three-month consignment that ranged from jewelry to fabric.
“Even small market-towns like Yiwu - comparable to Varanasi in terms of population - have a one-stop, dedicated market for all consumer durables, from fashion to home accessories, with cost and quality options,” he said. “In India, it would take us weeks.”
Source: Trade between India and China, Export Import Data Bank, Ministry of Commerce; figures in $ billion
Abhishek Waghmare is an analyst with IndiaSpend.
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