1960dp„ NyS>fps_p AgN fpÄe_u fQ_p \C s¡ `R>u b¡ hj£ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ 1962dp„ _hfqQs fpÄe_u `l¡gu Q|„V$Zu ep¡ÅC lsu. Ðep„ ky^udp„ fpÄe_p ipkL $`n L$p¢N°¡k_u Ap„sqfL$ S|>\b„^u õ`ô$ \C Q|L$u lsu. dp¡fpfÆ v¡$kpC Ðepf¡ NyS>fps L$p¢N°¡k_p khp£ÃQ _¡sp NZpsp lsp. buÆ sfa fpÄe_p `l¡gp dy¿e d„Óu X$p¡. ÆhfpS> dl¡sp A_¡ s¡d_p b¡ kp\u kp¥fpô²$u d„ÓuAp¡ frkL$gpg `fuM s\p fsycpC Av$pZu_p¡ A¡L$ AgN rÓL$p¡Z fQpe¡gp¡ lsp¡.

"`n_y„ k„NW$_ khp£`fu L¡$ kfL$pf?' A¡ k„Oj®_p¡ dy¿e dyØp¡ lsp¡. hpsphfZ X$lp¡mpe¡gy„ lsy„ s¡hpdp„ fpÄe rh^p_kcp_u Q|„V$Zu Aphu. lhpdp„ L„$CL$ kõ`¡Þk lsp¡. Q|„V$Zudp„ L$p¢N°¡k_p¡ rhS>e sp¡ \ep¡, `Z s¡dp„ b¡ AN°Zu dp¡fpfÆkd\®L$p¡ lpfu Nep S>¡\u k_k_pV$u a¡gpC NC.

cph_Nf_u b¡W$L$ `f bmh„sfpe dl¡sp_¡ kph _hpkhp âsp` ipl¡ `R>pX$ép A_¡ NZv¡$hu_p S>„Ndp„ `uY$ âÅ kdpS>hpv$u _¡sp Cðfgpg ^p¢Xy$cpC v¡$kpCA¡ âMf Np„^uhpv$u L$p¢N°¡ku W$pL$p¡fcpC drZcpC v¡$kpC_¡ `fprS>s L$ep®. b¡ A_prhgp¡ hÃQ¡_p A¡ S>„N_p¡ lz„ L„$CL$ kpnu.

õ`^p® suh° Mfu, `Z kpaky\fu. âÅ kdpS>hpv$u `n Ðepf¡ fpÄe_p¡ dy¿e rh`n lsp¡ S>¡ `R>u s|V$sp¡ Nep¡ A_¡ s¡_p OZp AN°ZuAp¡ L$p¢N°¡kdp„ cþep.

'62_u Q|„V$Zudp„ b¡ qv$ÁNS> L$p¢N°¡kuAp¡_u lpf `pR>m L$p¢N°¡k_u S|>\b„^u S>hpbv$pf lsu. s¡_p¡ `X$Op¡ sfs S> `X$ép¡. dp¡fpfÆhpv$uAp¡A¡ ÆhfpS> dl¡sp_¡ dy¿ed„Óu`v¡$\u lV$pìep. A¡ Arcep__p A¡L$ _¡sp Qud_cpC `V¡$g `Z lsp. NyS>fps_p fpS>L$pfZdp„ Qud_cpC_u L|$V$_urs_p¡ A¡ `l¡gp¡ TbL$pfp¡ lsp¡, `Z NyS>fps L$p¢N°¡kdp„ c„NpZ_p„ buS> hhpC Q|¼ep„ lsp„. bmh„sfpe dl¡sp _hp dy¿ed„Óu bÞep, `Z 1965_p cpfs-`pqL$õsp_ eyÙdp„ s¡d_p rhdp__¡ iÓyA¡ sp¡X$u `pX$sp„ kyfs_p rls¡ÞÖ v¡$kpC dy¿ed„Óu bÞep. 1967_u rh^p_kcp Q|„V$Zudp„ L$p¢N°¡k_y„ kyL$p_ dp¡fpfÆcpC_p Apiuhp®v$\u rlsycpCA¡ k„cpþey„ Ðepf¡ NyS>fpsdp„ cpCgpgcpC `V¡$g (cpC-L$pL$p)_p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m õhs„Ó `n_p¡ Dv$e \C Q|¼ep¡ lsp¡ A_¡ L$p¢N°¡k_p¡ s¡ S> dy¿e lfua lsp¡.

d_¡ bfpbf epv$ R>¡ : cpCL$pL$pA¡ rlsycpC_u Ål¡fdp„ L$iuL$ AZR>pS>su V$uL$p L$fu lsu S>¡\u Ap Ars kp¥çe kyfsu dy¿ed„Óu M|b vy$cpep lsp. kyfs rS>ëgp_p s¡d_p A¡L$ Q|„V$Zuâhpkdp„ `ÓL$pf sfuL¡$ lz„ `Z Å¡X$pep¡ lsp¡. rlsycpC_u Ohpe¡gu gpNZu s¡d_p„ Q|„V$Zu-cpjZp¡dp„ `Z `X$Opsu flu lsu. Å¡L¡$ `ÓL$pfp¡_u s¡Ap¡ kss L$pmÆ fpMsp lsp. A¡ Q|„V$Zudp„ õhs„Ó `n¡ OZp¡ kpfp¡ v$¡Mph L$ep£ lsp¡, `Z blzdsu\u s¡ h„rQs flu Nep¡ lsp¡. 1967dp„ v¡$i_p„ OZp„ fpÄep¡dp„ S>¡ L$p¢N°¡krhfp¡^u dp¡Sy>„ ER>þey„ lsy„ s¡_p¡ Ap„riL$ âcph NyS>fpsdp„ `Z `X$ép¡ lsp¡. dpfy„ dp_hy„ R>¡ L¡$ v¡$i_p fpS>L$pfZdp„ Ar_ô$p¡_p¡ dp¡V$p `pep `f_p¡ `N`¡kpfp¡ 1967_u kpdpÞe Q|„V$Zu\u \ep¡ A_¡ s¡ `R>u [õ\rs DÑfp¡Ñf L$\msu NC, R>sp„ ApS>_p k„v$c®dp„ rhQpfy„ Ry>„ sp¡ NyS>fps_u `l¡gu ÓZ¡L$ rh^p_kcp Q|„V$ZuAp¡ kfMpdZuA¡ Mpõku kpaky\fu gpN¡ R>¡.

Q|„V$Zu Aph¡ A¡V$g¡ DÑ¡S>_p ÅNsu, fkpL$ku \su, QL$dL$ Tfsu, L$ep„L$ dsv$pfp¡_¡ v$pê$ r`hX$phpsp¡, T|„`X$`Ë$uAp¡dp„ _pZp„- L$`X$p„-hpkZp¡ hl¢Qpsp„, Þeps-Ås_¡ ^p¡fZ¡ dsv$p_ \sy„, NpdX$p„Ap¡dp„ kf`„Qp¡ L¡$ Þeps_p dp¡hX$uAp¡ kpNdV¡$ ds M„X$u g¡sp, `Z b^y„ dep®v$pkf_y„ lsy„. "qdqX$ep' iåv$ kph AÅÎep¡ lsp¡. "qdqX$ep'_¡ _pd¡ dpÓ AMbpfp¡ lsp„. "ApL$pi-hpZu'_y„ Q|„V$Zudp„ L$iy„ âv$p_ _lp¡sy„. AMbpfp¡ L$ep `n L¡$ Dd¡v$hpf_u sfa¡Z L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_p `f OZp¡ dv$pf fl¡sp¡. AMbpfp¡ Q|„V$Zu_p„ Aæepk`|Z® rhïg¡jZp¡ A_¡ ApNpluAp¡ fS|> L$fsp„. kpfp„ AMbpfp¡_u rhðk_uesp lsu S>. "`¡BX$ ÞeyT' iåv$p¡ `Z L$p¡CA¡ kp„cþep _lp¡sp. fpS>L$ue `np¡ A_¡ Dd¡v$hpfp¡ AMbpfp¡dp„ ku^¡ku^u Ål¡fMbfp¡ Ap`sp, ApS>_p S>¡hu "`¡BX$ ÞeyT'_u hpQL$p¡ kp\¡_u R>g_p _ lsu. ìe[¼sNs Apn¡`p¡-ârsApn¡`p¡_y„ âdpZ Ap¡Ry>„ lsy„. "d_u `phf' A_¡ "dkg `phf'_u bp¡gbpgp OZu Aë` lsu.

1972dp„ NyS>fps rh^p_kcp_u Q|„V$Zu ep¡ÅC Ðepf¡ sp¡ fpÄe_p A_¡ v¡$i_p fpS>L$ue _L$ipdp„ OÏ„ `qfhs®_ Aph¡gy„ lsy„. L$p¢N°¡k_p A¥rslprkL$ cpNgp `X$u Q|¼ep lsp, B[Þv$fpeyN õ\`pC Nep¡ lsp¡ A_¡ NyS>fps OZp fpS>L$ue c|L„$`p¡dp„\u `kpf \ey„ lsy„. 1972_u rh^p_kcp Q|„V$Zudp„ dy¿e õ`^p® B[Þv$fp Np„^u_u ipkL$ L$p¢N°¡k A_¡ dp¡fpfÆcpC_u k„õ\p-L$p¢N°¡k hÃQ¡ lsu, S>¡dp„ rhS>e sp¡ ipkL$-L$p¢N°¡k_p¡ \ep¡, `Z dy¿ed„Óu L$p¡Z b_¡ A¡ dyØ¡ ipkL$ L$p¢N°¡kdp„ A¡V$gu sp¡ M¢QspZ Qpgu L¡$ R>¡hV¡$ B[Þv$fp Np„^uA¡ qv$ëlu\u `p¡sp_p d„Óud„X$m_p rb_rhhpv$põ`v$ kp\u O_íepdcpC Ap¡Tp_¡ NyS>fps_p dy¿ed„Óu sfuL¡$ dp¡L$ëep.

Ap¡Tp dy¿ed„Óu sp¡ bÞep, `Z Ars dlÒhpL$p„nu A_¡ MV$`qV$ep Qud_cpC `V¡$g¡ â`„QhV$u L$p„X$ fQu O_íepdcpC_¡ O¡f b¡kpX$ép A_¡ `p¡s¡ dy¿ed„Óu bÞep sp¡ Mfp, `f„sy s¡d_u kÑp Aë`Æhu _uhX$u. 1974_p "_hr_dp®Z' Ap„v$p¡g_¡ Qud_cpC_u kfL$pf_p¡ S> _l], Q|„V$pe¡gu NyS>fps rh^p_kcp_p¡ `Z cp¡N gu^p¡. dp¡fpfÆcpCA¡ fpÄerh^p_kcp_y„ rhkS>®_ A_¡ _hu Q|„V$Zu_u dpN L$fu_¡ ApdfZ D`hpk Apf„æep. B[Þv$fp Np„^uA¡ _dsy„ Å¡Mhy„ `X$éy„.

1975_p S|>_dp„ NyS>fps rh^p_kcp_u `l¡gu S> hpf dÝekÓ Q|„V$Zu ep¡ÅC. k„õ\p-L$p¢N°¡k, S>_k„O, õhs„Ó `n hN¡f¡_p fQpe¡gp "S>_sp dp¡fQp'A¡ ipkL$-L$p¢N°¡k `pk¡\u kÑp R>u_hu gu^u A_¡ bpbycpC S>icpC `V¡$g_p dy¿ed„Óu`v¡$ _hu kfL$pf b_u S>¡dp„ A¡L$ d„Óu S>_k„O_p dL$f„v$ v¡$kpC `Z lsp. R> hj® `R>u A¡ S> S>_k„O cpfsue S>_sp `n bÞep¡. cpfsue fpS>L$pfZdp„ A¡ b^p„ T„Tphpsu hjp£ lsp„.

1975dp„ B[Þv$fp Np„^uA¡ L$V$p¡L$V$u gpv$u A_¡ 1977dp„ L¡$ÞÖdp„ v¡$i_u `l¡gu rb_L$p¢N°¡ku kfL$pf dp¡fpfÆcpCA¡ S>_sp `pV$}_p _¡Å l¡W$m fQu, `Z s¡e s|V$u. 1980_u Apk`pk NyS>fps rh^p_kcp_u Q|„V$Zu ep¡ÅC Ðepf¡ "S>_sp dp¡fQp¡' A_¡ "S>_sp `pV$u®' rhMfpC Q|¼ep„ lsp„ A_¡ dp^htkl kp¡g„L$u s\p TuZpcpC v$fÆA¡ "Mpd' (KHAM = nrÓe + lqfS>_ + Apqv$hpku + dykgdp_)_u Årshpv$u r\efu OX$u L$p¢N°¡k_¡ rhS>e A`pìep¡ A_¡ `p„Q hj®_u V$d® `|fu L$f_pf dp^htkl NyS>fps_p `l¡gp A_¡ AÐepf ky^u_p A¡L$dpÓ dy¿ed„Óu bÞep A_¡ 1985dp„ ep¡Åe¡gu rh^p_kcp-Q|„V$Zudp„ L$p¢N°¡k¡ rhS>e_y„ s¡d S> kp¡g„L$uA¡ dy¿ed„Óu`v$_y„ `y_fphs®_ L$ey¯, `f„sy s¡d_u Ars Årshpv$u _ursAp¡_p âÐepOpsê$`¡ NyS>fpsdp„ b¡ sb½¡$ tlkL$ A_pdsrhfp¡^u Ap„v$p¡g_p¡ apV$ép„. s¡Z¡ L$p¡du hmp„L$ `Z gu^p¡.

Ap A„^p^|„^uA¡ kp¡g„L$u_p dy¿ed„Óu`v$_p¡ cp¡N gu^p¡ A_¡ Adftkl Qp¥^fu s¡d_p A_yNpdu bÞep, `Z 1990dp„ _hu rh^p_kcp Q|„V$Zu `pL$u Ðep„ ky^udp„ sp¡ fpô²$ A_¡ fpÄe_p¡ fpS>L$ue Ql¡fp¡dlp¡fp¡ afu\u bv$gpC Nep¡ lsp¡. L¡$ÞÖdp„ cpS>`_p V¡$L$p\u S>_sp v$m_u A_¡ NyS>fpsdp„ Qud_cpC `V¡$g_p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m S>_sp v$m A_¡ cpS>`_u rdî kfL$pf fQpC, `f„sy L¡$ÞÖdp„ cpS>`_p¡ S>_sp v$m dpV¡$_p¡ V¡$L$p¡ Mõep¡ A¡V$g¡ NyS>fpsdp„ `Z S>_sp v$m A_¡ cpS>` R|>V$p„ `X$ép„.

Qud_cpCA¡ A_¡L$ f„N bv$ëep. R>¡hV¡$ L$p¢N°¡kdp„ s¡d_y„ "lp¡d L$tdN' \ey„ A_¡ L$p¢N°¡k Q|„V$Zu ÆÐep rh_p kÑpê$Y$ \C! 1990dp„ NyS>fpsdp„ `l¡gu hpf Q|„V$Zudp„ rlÞvy$Ðh_p¡ Ap„riL$ âcph hsp®ep¡ lsp¡ S>¡ 1995_u rh^p_kcp Q|„V$Zudp„ Ars ìep`L$ bÞep¡ A_¡ cpS>` NyS>fpsdp„ â\d hpf õhbm¡ kÑpê$Y$ \ep¡, `f„sy NyS>fps_p fpS>L$pfZ_y„ bfX$`Ï„ cpS>`_¡ `Z TX$`\u ApcX$u Ney„.

i„L$ftkl hpO¡gp_u kÑpgpgkpA¡ cpS>`dp„ cpNgp `pX$ép. hQNpmp_u ìehõ\pê$`¡ cpS>`¡ kyf¡i dl¡sp_¡ dy¿ed„Óu b_pìep `Z A¡ \]NXy„$ gp„by„ _ V$¼ey„$. hpO¡gpA¡ L$p¢N°¡k_p "blpf'_p V¡$L$p\u kfL$pf fQu. s¡ `Z V|„$L$Æhu _uhX$u. qv$gu` `fuM¡ `Z L$p„V$pmp¡ spS> `l¡fu Å¡ep¡. R>¡hV¡$ 1998dp„ NyS>fps rh^p_kcp_u buÆ hpf_u dÝekÓ Q|„V$Zu Aphu `X$u. s¡dp„ cpS>`_p¡ rhS>eÝhS> gl¡fpep¡. L¡$iycpC `V¡$g afu\u dy¿ed„Óu bÞep, `Z `¡V$pQ|„V$ZuAp¡dp„_p cpS>`_p `fpS>ep¡A¡ cpS>`_p dp¡hX$uAp¡_¡ Qp¢L$phu d|¼ep. s¡dZ¡ L¡$iycpC_¡ Mk¡X$u s¡d_¡ õ\p_¡ qv$ëlu\u _f¡ÞÖ dp¡v$u_¡ NyS>fps_p dy¿ed„Óu`v¡$ dp¡L$ëep, S>¡d_p _¡s©Ðh l¡W$m NyS>fps rh^p_kcp_u hs®dp_ Q|„V$Zu_p¡ S>„N cpS>` M¡gu füp¡ R>¡.

Apd, 1962\u 2002 ky^u_p„ bfpbf Qpguk hj® v$frdep_ b¡ dÝekÓ Q|„V$Zu krls Ly$g v$k rh^p_kcp Q|„V$ZuAp¡ \C R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$ `ÓL$pf sfuL¡$ lz„ Ap v$k¡v$k Q|„V$ZuAp¡_p¡ kpnu füp¡ Ry>„. Q|„V$ZuAp¡_¡ k„b„^ R>¡ Ðep„ ky^u Ap Qpf v$peL$p v$frdep_ ÅZ¡ ApMy„ S>Ns Ofd|m\u bv$gpC Ne¡gy„ gpN¡ R>¡. iê$Aps_u Q|„V$Zu ip„s, õhÃR>, D`Öh rh_p_u, L„$CL$ rhQpf^pfp_¡ Ap^pf¡ gX$psu, Ap¡R>u MQp®m, âkpfdpÝedp¡_p h^pf¡ `X$sp s\p AZOV$sp âcph\u dy¼s lsu.

`Z `R>u DÑfp¡Ñf ^p¡fZp¡ L$\msp„ Nep„. ApS>¡ sp¡ _`phV$`Zp_u `fpL$p›$p Aphu S>Zpe R>¡ A_¡ s¡ A¡ A\®dp„ L¡$ hs®dp_ Q|„V$Zudp„ rhv¡$iu kÑp_p `fp¡n lõsn¡`_u kyÙp„ Api„L$p k¡hpe R>¡. âpf„c_u Q|„V$ZuAp¡ `f Q|„V$Zu`„Q_p¡ gNcN L$ip¡ S> âcph _lp¡sp¡. Q|„V$ZuAp¡ S> A¡V$gu Qp¡¿Mu lsu L¡$ Q|„V$Zu`„Q_u TpTu c|rdL$p _lp¡su. `R>u Q|„V$ZuAp¡ r_f„Ly$i b_u A_¡ Q|„V$Zu`„Q_u rb_L$pe®ndsp S>¡d_u s¡d flu. V$u.A¡_. i¡j_¡ Q|„V$Zu ApeyL$s sfuL¡$ Q|„V$Zu`„Q_u L$pdNufudp„ OZp¡ ky^pfp¡ L$ep£. ApS>¡ [õ\rs A¡hu R>¡ L¡$ Q|„V$Zu`„Q gNcN sp_pipl_u lv$¡ kh£khp® R>¡ A_¡ Q|„V$Zuâq¾$ep s¡_p lp\dp_y„ dpÓ A¡L$ e„Ó R>¡.

Q|„V$Zu_p¡ Ap_„v$ sp¡ ¼epf_p¡ _ô$ \C Q|¼ep¡ R>¡. füp¡ R>¡ dpÓ hfhp¡ L„$L$pk. kÑp_u bucÐk T|„V$pT|„V$_p¡ sdpip¡ A¡V$g¡ Q|„V$Zu A¡hu [õ\rs 2002dp„ R>¡. Q|„V$Zu`„Q_p„ ApV$ApV$gp„ r_e„ÓZp¡ R>sp„ Q|„V$Zudp„ c°ô$pQpf A^d L$npA¡ `lp¢Ãep¡ R>¡.

Ap X$pefu rhi¡ Ap`_p¡ Arcâpe S>Zphp¡