qaÆ_u E\g`p\g_p `X$Op S>¡V$gp _hu qv$ëludp„ `X¡$ R>¡ s¡ L$fsp„ h^y NyS>fps A_¡ lqfepZpdp„ `X$u füp R>¡. fp¡S>¡fp¡S> bv$gpsp„ kÑp_p„ kduL$fZp¡ D`f rhv¡$i d„Ópge Qp„`su _S>f fpM¡ R>¡, `v$c°ô$ hX$p â^p_ dl¡ÞÖ Qp¥^fu_u dy[¼s rhi¡ lqfepZpdp„ s¡d_p õhS>_p¡ tQsp k¡h¡ R>¡, `Z NyS>fpsdp„ sp¡ lÅfp¡ Ly$Vy„$bp¡ qaÆhpku õhS>_p¡_p kdpQpf d¡mhhp T|fu füp„ R>¡.

V¡$rgrhT__p `X$v$p D`f qaÆ_u fpS>^p_u kyhp_u A„^p^|„^u A_¡ sp¡X$ap¡X$_p„ S>¡ ×íep¡ v¡$Mpep„ s¡_p\u L¡$V$gpL$_¡ NyS>fpsdp„ Mbf `X$u L¡$ s¡d_p õhS>_p¡_u vy$L$p_p¡ L¡$ f¡õV$p¡fp„ g|„V$pep„ R>¡ L¡$ ApN_u Ähpmpdp„ g`V$pep„ R>¡. `p¡fb„v$f_p kp¡_u`qfhpfp¡A¡ V¡$rgrhT__p `X$v¡$ `p¡sp_p k„b„^uAp¡_u spfpÆ_u Ag`Tg` Å¡C. A¡hu S> v$ip fpS>L$p¡V$ A_¡ D`g¡V$p_p `qfhpfp¡_u \C. L¡$V$gpL$ ap¡_ `f k„`L®$ kp^u i¼ep A_¡ L¡$V$gpL$ AÝ^f ðpk¡ ap¡_ Å¡X$php_u fpl Å¡C füp R>¡. kp¥fpô²$_p„ il¡fp¡_u S>¡d v$rnZ NyS>fps_p„ _hkpfu L¡$ Qfp¡sf_p„ Npdp¡_p `pV$uv$pf `qfhpfp¡ `Z `p¡sp_p õhS>_p¡_p kdpQpf dpV¡$ AÝ^f Æh¡ sgku füp R>¡.

AÐepf¡ qaÆdp„ A„v$pS>¡ `„v$f¡L$ lÅf S>¡V$gp NyS>fpsuAp¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„\u dp¡V$p cpN_p h¡`pfhZS> kp\¡ s\p Ap^yr_L$ ìehkpe kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡gp R>¡. S>¡ NyS>fpsu Ly$Vy„$bp¡ Qpf-`p„Q `¡Y$u `|h£ Ðep„ `lp¢Ãep lsp s¡dp„\u S>¡Ap¡ kd©Ù \ep„ s¡Ap¡_p„ k„sp_p¡A¡ sp¡ R>¡ëgp b¡ v$peL$p\u Ap¡õV²¡$rgep-Þey Tug¡ÞX$_u s¡d S> ey.L¡$.-ey.A¡k._u qv$ip `L$X$u. rhi¡j L$fu_¡ Qfp¡sf_p„ `pV$uv$pf Ly$Vy„$bp¡dp„\u k„¿epb„^ gp¡L$p¡ kyep¡rS>s fus¡ kd©Ù v¡$ip¡dp„ `lp¢Qu Nep. k_ 1987dp„ L$_®g fpbyL$pA¡ gíL$fu rhÖp¡l_y„ _¡s©Ðh gC_¡ Q|„V$pe¡gu kfL$pf `pk¡\u kÑp Ap„QL$u gu^u s¡ OV$_pA¡ gpgbÑu_u NfS> kpfu. Ap^yr_L$ ìehkpe kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp NyS>fpsuAp¡_u qaÆ R>p¡X$hp_u Nrs s¡S> b_u. lh¡ spS>¡sf_u A[õ\fsp `R>u k„cph_p A¡hu R>¡ L¡$ blz dp¡V$u k„¿epdp„ NyS>fpsuAp¡ qaÆ R>p¡X$hp dp„X$i¡.

qaÆ_u fpS>L$ue vy$v®$ip_p `pepdp„ Ðep„_u kpdprS>L$-Apr\®L$ rhjdsp A_¡ rhk„Nrs fl¡gu R>¡. d|m qaÆ_p NZpe s¡hp d¡g¡_¡rie_ d|m_p gp¡L$p¡_u hkrs, Ly$g kpX$p ApW$ gpM_u hkrsdp„ A¡L$ph_ V$L$p, Äepf¡ d|m cpfsue h„i_p gp¡L$p¡ Ly$g_p 44 V$L$p, bpL$u_p `p„Q V$L$pdp„ Aph¡ Qu_u s¡d S> eyfp¡r`e_ h„i_p gp¡L$p¡. Apr\®L$ kÑp_p„ k|Óp¡ A_¡ k„kp^_p¡ gNcN cpfsue h„i_p gp¡L$p¡ `pk¡ A¡V$g¡ dl¡_s-dS|>fu `f Æhsu d¡g¡_¡rie_ âÅ_¡ kss A¡hy„ gpN¡ L¡$ s¡d_y„ ip¡jZ \C füy„ R>¡. S>¡hu `qf[õ\rs A_¡ dp_rkL$sp `|h® ApqäL$p_p v¡$ip¡dp„ âhs®su lsu s¡hu S> ApS>¡ qaÆdp„ âhs£ R>¡. `qfZpd¡ _\u kpdprS>L$-Apr\®L$ kduL$fZ Np¡W$hpsy„ L¡$ _\u s¡_¡ `Ng¡ fpS>L$ue kduL$fZ L¡$ [õ\fsp L¡$ k„syg_ Np¡W$hpsy„.

\p¡X$p„L$ hj® `|h£ gíL$fu kÑp_p hpfpa¡fp `R>u _hy„ b„^pfZ fQpey„, Q|„V$ZuAp¡ ep¡ÅC A_¡ cpfsue h„i_p dl¡ÞÖ Qp¥^fu hX$p â^p_ bÞep. Ap âep¡N Å¡ \p¡X$p„L$ hj® Qpëep¡ lp¡s sp¡ rcÞ_ rcÞ_ h„i_p gp¡L$p¡ hÃQ¡ kÑp_p¡ klcpN s\p klÆh__p„ kduL$fZp¡ rhL$ku iL$s. `f„sy L$dcpÁe¡ Äep¡S>® õ`¡B Üpfp Aps„L$hpv$u fus¡ kÑp`gV$p_y„ blzA„L$u _pV$L$ iê$ \ey„ s\p qaÆ_u Ahv$ip gp„bu vy$v®$ipdp„ `gV$pC NC.

ApS>¡ qaÆdp„ A_¡ c|sL$pmdp„ eyNpÞX$p S>¡hp `|h® ApqäL$p_p v¡$ip¡dp„ S>¡ `qf[õ\rs_y„ r_dp®Z \ey„ s¡_p„ d|m rb°qV$i D`r_h¡ihpv$ L¡$ k„õ\p_hpv$_u _ursfursdp„ R>¡. NC kv$udp„ k_ 1874dp„ A„N°¡Å¡A¡ â`„Q\u qaÆ_p¡¡ dygL$ `p¡sp_p rhipm kpd°pÄedp„ c¡mhu v$u^p¡. A„N°¡S> lpL¡$dp¡_p¡ l¡sy sp¡ qaÆdp„ i¡fX$u_p¡ rh`yg `pL$ gC Mp„X$_p DÐ`pv$_ Üpfp Apr\®L$ gpc d¡mhhp_p¡ lsp¡. i¡fX$u_p `pL$ dpV¡$ M¡sdS|>fp¡_p¡ L$pagp¡ Å¡CA¡, S>¡ A„N°¡Å¡A¡ cpfsdp„\u rNfduqV$epAp¡_u Apeps L$fu_¡ Ecp¡ L$ep£.

S>¡ rNfduqV$epAp¡ cpfsdp„\u qaÆ kv$u_u iê$Apsdp„ `lp¢Ãep s¡ dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ DÑf cpfs_p tlv$u cpju âv¡$ip¡_p lsp. Ap rNfduqV$epAp¡_¡ L$pmu dS|>fu L$fhu `X$su A_¡ A„N°¡S> kÑp^uip¡ s¡d_y„ DOpXy„$ ip¡jZ L$fsp. v$rnZ ApqäL$p_p A_ych_¡ Ap^pf¡ Np„^uÆ_y„ Ýep_ qaÆ_p tlv$u rNfduqV$epAp¡ sfa _ `lp¢Q¡ sp¡ S> Apòe® NZpe. Np„^uÆA¡ Ap rNfduqV$epAp¡_¡ klpe L$fhp s¡d S> Þepe A`phhp NyS>fpsu b¡qfõV$f drZgpg X$p¡¼V$f_¡ qaÆ S>hp_y„ k|Qìey„ A_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ qaÆ_p¡ dpN® gu^p¡. kv$u_p buÅ v$peL$p_p Apf„c\u S> drZgpg X$p¡¼V$f dS|>fp¡_¡ ip¡jZ\u dy¼s L$fphhp cpfsdp„ kq¾$e lsp. Mf¡Mf sp¡ cpfs_p L$pdv$pf Ap„v$p¡g__p¡ `pep¡ QZhp_y„ A¥rslprkL$ L$pe® drZgpg X$p¡¼V$f¡ bÅìey„ lsy„, `f„sy Brslpkdp„ s¡d_u S>¡V$gu _p¢^ g¡hphu Å¡CA¡ s¡V$gu ApTpv$u `|h£ L¡$ `R>u g¡hpC _\u.

drZgpg X$p¡¼V$f_p A\pN âepkp¡_¡ gu^¡ qaÆ_p tlv$u rNfduqV$epAp¡ k„NqW$s \ep A_¡ s¡d_p¡ AhpS> g„X$_ ky^u `lp¢Qhp dp„X$ép¡. k_ 1920dp„ `Qpk lÅf S>¡V$gp Ap i¡fX$u L$pdv$pfp¡A¡ lX$spm_p¡ dpN® gu^p¡ A_¡ A„N°¡S> lpL¡$dp¡ Qp¢L$u EW$ép. kdN° qaÆdp„ lX$spm_¡ sp¡X$u _pMhp v$d__p¡ L$p¡fX$p¡ h]Tpep¡, Np¡mubpfp¡_u `f„`fp Qpgu A_¡ R>¡ëg¡ A„N°¡Æ kÑp^uip¡A¡ dpi®g gp¡ Ål¡f L$ep£ s\p drZgpg X$p¡¼V$f_¡ qaÆdp„\u sX$u`pf L$fhp_y„ afdp_ \ey„.

A„N°¡Æ lpL¡$dp¡_p Sy>gd_p kdpQpfp¡A¡ tlv$dp„ DÑ¡S>_p a¡gphu v$u^u. dy„bCdp„ A¡¼k¡grkef r\e¡V$fdp„ rhipm kcp ep¡ÅC, S>¡_¡ Np„^uÆA¡ k„bp¡^u. kcpdp„ v$u_b„^y A¡ÞX³$T A_¡ Np„^uÆA¡ A„N°¡Å¡_p Aps„L$_u kMs TpV$L$Zu L$pY$u s¡d S> ku^p¡ Apn¡` d|¼ep¡ L¡$ A„N°¡S> lpL¡$dp¡ ip¡jZ_y„ Q¾$ Qpgsy„ fpMu_¡ cpfsue dS|>fp¡_¡ A^®Nygpd_u v$ipdp„ fpMhp dpN¡ R>¡. S>¡ fus¡ Np¡mubpfp¡ \ep, dpi®g gp¡ Ål¡f \ep¡ s\p drZgpg X$p¡¼V$f_¡ v¡$i`pf L$fhpdp„ Apìep s¡ L$pev$p_u rhfyÙ R>¡, Þepe_u rhfyÙ R>¡ s¡d S>Zphu Np„^uÆA¡ sV$õ\ kÐeip¡^L$ krdrs fQhp_y„ A¡gp_ L$ey¯. rhi¡jdp„ s¡Ap¡A¡ k|Qìey„ L¡$ S>¡ cpfsue gp¡L$p¡ qaÆdp„\u `pR>p afhp dpNsp lp¡e s¡d_¡ dpV¡$ `|fu ìehõ\p A„N°¡S> kfL$pf¡ L$fhu Å¡CA¡.

ApS>¡ Ap OV$_p_p„ A¢ku hj® `R>u kÑp_p¡ r`fprdX$ `gV$pC Nep¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ A„N°¡Å¡ riMf `f lsp, AÐepf¡ tlv$u cpfsue h„i_p gp¡L$p¡ Apr\®L$ kÑp_p riMf¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ A„N°¡Å¡_p Sy>gddp„\u dy¼s \C_¡ S>¡ tlv$uAp¡ `pR>p hs_ Aphhp dpNsp lp¡e s¡d_¡ kyrh^p Ap`hp_y„ k|Q_ lsy„, AÐepf¡ fpS>L$ue A„^p^|„^u A_¡ AfpS>L$spdp„\u dy¼s \C_¡ S>¡ hs_ `pR>p afhp dpNsp lp¡e s¡d_¡ kfmsp L$fu Ap`hp_y„ NyS>fps_p dy¿e â^p_ k|Qhu füp R>¡. AgbÑ, NyS>fpsuAp¡ qaÆ R>p¡X$u_¡ cpfs `pR>p af¡ s¡ L$fsp„ h^y Ap¡õV²¡$rgep, Þey Tug¡ÞX$ L¡$ `ròd_p kd©Ù v¡$ip¡dp„ S>hp_y„ `k„v$ L$fi¡ s¡hu k„cph_p S>Zpe R>¡.

`|h® ApqäL$p L¡$ v$rnZ ApqäL$p_u kfMpdZudp„ qaÆdp„ hksp NyS>fpsuAp¡_u k„¿ep OZu _p_u R>¡, `f„sy A¥rslprkL$ ×rô$A¡ sp¡ qaÆdp„ eyNpÞX$p_y„ `y_fphs®_ S> \C füy„ R>¡ A¡hy„ NZpe. Äep„ Äep„ Apr\®L$ k„syg_ kQhpey„ _l], Ðep„ Ðep„ NyS>fpsuAp¡_¡ d|m fl¡hpkuAp¡_p Ap¾$p¡i_p¡ cp¡N b_hy„ `X$éy„. îud„s v¡$ip¡dp„ `Z Äepf¡ b¡fp¡S>Npfu_y„ âdpZ h^¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ NyS>fpsuAp¡, tlv$uAp¡ L¡$ A¡riepC âÅ D`f tlkL$ lzdgpAp¡ \pe R>¡, s¡d S> f„Nc¡v$ L¡$ Årsc¡v$_y„ s¡_y„ hfhy„ ê$` âNV$ L$f¡ R>¡. Ad¡qfL$p L¡$ HÁg¡ÞX$ `Z Aphu ÅrsNs tlkp\u dy¼s _\u. Ap k„Å¡Np¡dp„ h¡`pfhZS> A_¡ Ap^yr_L$ ìehkpe kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡gp h¥rðL$ NyS>fpsuAp¡ dpV¡$ Apr\®L$-kpdprS>L$ s¡d S> fpS>L$ue `qfbmp¡_u ìep`L$ s¡d S> KX$u `l¡Qp_ A_¡ kdS> `p„Nf¡ s¡ ApS>_p¡ sL$pÅ¡ R>¡. kp\p¡kp\ NyS>fpsuAp¡ dpV¡$ `Z h¥rðL$ A_¡ õ\pr_L$ `qfbmp¡_p k„Ly$g ApV$p`pV$p kdS>hp_y„ h^y _¡ h^y Ar_hpe® b_u füy„ R>¡.

ANpD_p g¡Mp¡
Q„v$_ cfu smphX$u, dp¡suX¡$ bp„^u `pþe
rhL$pkL$pe®dp„ S>¡_u S>du_ Åe s¡_¡ KQy„ hmsf dmhy„ S>ê$fu
Æh__y„ buSy>„ _pd A¡V$g¡ ^ud¡ `Ng¡ _ÆL$ Aphsy„ dp¡s
DdfNpd- kpNfL$p„W¡$ ApN
`pZu_p¡ enâï_ A_¡ A^|fp DÑfp¡
NyS>fps_p„ gp¡L$hpÛp¡ cygpC füp„ R>¡
105 NyS>fpsu dpR>udpfp¡ `pqL$õsp__u S>¡gdp„

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?